Select true statements from the following. extern' directive asks assembler to reserve specified amount of space in memory without a need to initialize the space.
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- 1 All of the following data values are examples of unsigned datatypes in HLA EXCEPT a uns32 b uns16 c int8 d uns8 2 How many bits of stack memory are used when passing an int32 variable by-reference to a function? a 32 b 8 c 16 d 64 3 How many bits of stack memory are used when passing an int16 variable by-value to a function? a 32 b 8 c 16 d 64In the below stack allocation, what is the current value of top after execution of the following code (i.e. after the function using the second activation record)? Hint: remember that stacks grow from highest address toward lower address. StackAllocatr m = new StackAllocatr(5); m.push(1); m.push(2); m.pop1. a) When a function is called in a given running program, an _____________ is created in the stack section of the virtual address space of the program that stores all the variables local to the function 1.b) Will the code below change the value of x? Explain why your answer is correct. All codes in c++ #include <iostream> using namespace std; void change(int); int main() { int x = 10; change(x); cout << "x = " << endl; return 0; } void change(int n1) { n1++; }
- What does the following code do addi x2, x2, -16 sd x20, 8(x2) sd x1,0(x2) a. Restores registers x1 and x20 from the stack b. Saves registers x1 and x20 on the stack c. Allocates new space on the heap d. Updates some global variables with stuff in registers x1 and x20. e. Updates some local variables with stuff in registers x1 and x20. urgentAssume we have a free space management system as described in the book, for example one used to provide us with virtual addresses on the heap (with physical addresses handled by a much simpler system since we assume paging). Assume the system uses the following very simple rules; A memory request traverses the free list, and finds the first block large enough to handle the request (i.e., the first fit algorithm from the book). It then: Splits the block into 2 pieces: The first piece will be the requested size + 1k (for a header). The second will be the remaining The first piece will be returned to the caller, but the address returned will be the address of the memory for the user, that is the header + 1k The second will be put back into the linked list If there's insufficient contiguous memory, the allocation will fail (return 0) Free memory is stored as a linked list in address order Assume we start with a single contiguous block of FREE memory of size 64k starting at location…10.3 Suppose you wish to fill a stack with a copy of another, maintaining theorder of elements. Using only Stack operations, describe how this would bedone. How many additional stacks are necessary?10.4 Suppose you wish to reverse the order of elements of a stack. Usingonly Stack operations, describe how this would be done. Assuming you placethe result in the original stack, how many additional stacks are necessary?10.3 Suppose you wish to fill a stack with a copy of another, maintaining theorder of elements. Using only Stack operations, describe how this would bedone. How many additional stacks are necessary?10.4 Suppose you wish to reverse the order of elements of a stack. Usingonly Stack operations, describe how this would be done. Assuming you placethe result in the original stack, how many additional stacks are necessary?
- Please explain What is the difference between stack and heap memory? * Correct answer to select Stack memory is short lived, fixed region of memory. Heap memory is a long-lived, and variable size of memory which allows us to allocate nearly infinite bytes while the program is running. 2. Heap memory is short lived, fixed region of memory. Stack memory is a long-lived, and variable size of memory which allows us to allocate nearly infinite bytes while the program is running.Assume the stack grows toward smaller addresses,i.e. calling pushl $10brings the stack pointer from0x80C to 0x808 Assume we wish to 'delete' 20 integers on the top of the stack.Write a line of assembly that deletes them from the stack by changing the value of %rsp Use decimal numbers in your answer(T/F) In dynamic relocation, the base and bounds values are part of the process state. (Y/N) In base and bounds addressing, can the base and bounds values for a process change during the lifetime of a process? If a process attempts to access a memory location outside its own virtual address space, what is the result? 1) a trap 2) an exception (T/F) A user process can change its own base and bounds values. Suppose we are using base and bounds addressing. If the virtual address is 5321, the base register value is 100, and the bounds register value is 4500, then what is the corresponding physical address. (The values given are decimal values.)
- There cannot be any NULL bytes in the address if it is in the formatstring (except as the terminating byte) since the string is a NULL-terminated array just like any other in C. This does not mean that addressescontaining NULL bytes can never be used—addresses can often beplaced in the stack in places other than the format string itself. Inthese cases, it may be possible for attackers to write to addresses containing NULL bytes. It is also possible to do a two-stage memory reador write—first construct an address with NULL bytes in it on the stack(see the following section “Writing to Memory”) and then use it as apointer for %s for readingQuestion 1 A. Transform the infix statement into postfix. Show the required steps using stack. ( A + B ) / C - D B. If the value of A, B, C and D is 2, 3, 4 and 5, calculate manually to get the result for postfix operation below using stack. A B * C – D +Develop a C/C++ program that accepts the name of a memory trace file as a command line argument. Use the data to simulate a set associative cache using LRU replacement. Additional command line arguments will be needed to identify the details of the simulated cache. The arguments should appear in the following order: the memory trace input file X, where 2X == the number of direct-mapped sets Y, where 2Y == the number of blocks per set Z, where 2Z == the number of cached words per block Your program (say it's a compiled C program) could be run like this: ./cache data.tra 3 2 4 This would simulate an 8 set associative LRU cache with 4 blocks per set, where each block caches 16 addresses. NOTE… the reason I've chosen to use exponents for arguments is to ensure we have powers of 2 for everything. Trace File The trace file is line based with each line containing a memory address requested, in hex. Please note this data is real, so the addresses are larger than 32-bits. In…