Suppose a programmer is functionally decomposing a two-factor authentication process. Which step requires further decomposition before it can become a step in an algorithm? a Prompt for user ID b. Prompt for password O Generate a one-time PIN Od Valdate that user ID and password match
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- Suppose user typed a random string of length n (1<=n<=50) in the password field but is not sureif it was strong. Given the string typed, find the minimum number and type of characters thatuser must add to make the password strong? (Using C)Let's pretend a programmer created a backdoor that gives him access to the information of any account holding $10,000 or more. What kind of assault is this, exactly?Alice sets up an RSA public/private key, but instead of using two primes, she chooses three primes p, q, and r and she uses n=pqr as her RSA-style modulus. She chooses an encryption exponent e and calculates a decryption exponent d. Encryption and Decryption are defined: C ≡ me mod n and m ≡ Cd mod n where C is the ciphertext corresponding to the message m. Decryption: de ≡ 1 mod φ(n) | Let p = 5, q = 7, r = 3, e = 11, and the decryption exponent d = -13. n = 105 & φ(n) = 48 Q: Alice upgrades to three primes that are each 200 digits long. How many digits does n have?
- Give an illustration of a made-up scenario requiring the management of login credentials, for example. Determine a number of different approaches that may be used to verify identify. Is it possible that, at some point in the future, passphrases will take the place of passwords?For the following question, use the mapping given in the table. A B C D E F G H I J S Z D U F R B K L M K L M N O P Q R S T J V G N A Q O Y W I U V W Z Y Z E C T H P X Encrypt the following: Pure calculation is, in its way, the poetry of logical way of thinking. Decrypt the message with shift of 3. Open WindowDecrypt the message with shift of 25. OpenConstruct an experiment to estimate the speed at which a particular computer can process an authentication password. From that estimate, determine how long it would take to test common password candidate lists, such as a list of 100 or 1000 popular passwords, the same list enhanced with orthographic substitutions (3 for e, zero for O, one for l, 2 for z, and so forth), and a word list from a common online dictionary.
- In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is a very simple encryption techniques in which each letter in the plain text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it to communicate with his generals. ROT-13 (“rotate by 13 places”) is a widely used example of a Caesar cipher where the shift is 13. In Python, the key for ROT-13 may be represented by means of the following dictionary: key = {‘a’:’n’, ‘b’:’o’, ‘c’:’p’, ‘d’:’q’, ‘e’:’r’, ‘f’:’s’, ‘g’:’t’, ‘h’:’u’,‘i’:’v’, ‘j’:’w’, ‘k’:’x’, ‘l’:’y’, ‘m’:’z’, ‘n’:’a’, ‘o’:’b’, ‘p’:’c’,‘q’:’d’, ‘r’:’e’, ‘s’:’f’, ‘t’:’g’, ‘u’:’h’, ‘v’:’i’, ‘w’:’j’, ‘x’:’k’,‘y’:’l’, ‘z’:’m’, ‘A’:’N’, ‘B’:’O’, ‘C’:’P’, ‘D’:’Q’, ‘E’:’R’, ‘F’:’S’,‘G’:’T’, ‘H’:’U’, ‘I’:’V’, ‘J’:’W’, ‘K’:’X’, ‘L’:’Y’, ‘M’:’Z’, ‘N’:’A’,‘O’:’B’, ‘P’:’C’, ‘Q’:’D’, ‘R’:’E’, ‘S’:’F’, ‘T’:’G’, ‘U’:’H’, ‘V’:’I’,‘W’:’J’, ‘X’:’K’,…In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is a very simple encryption techniques in which each letter in the plain text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it to communicate with his generals. ROT-13 (“rotate by 13 places”) is a widely used example of a Caesar cipher where the shift is 13. In Python, the key for ROT-13 may be represented by means of the following dictionary: key = {‘a’:’n’, ‘b’:’o’, ‘c’:’p’, ‘d’:’q’, ‘e’:’r’, ‘f’:’s’, ‘g’:’t’, ‘h’:’u’,‘i’:’v’, ‘j’:’w’, ‘k’:’x’, ‘l’:’y’, ‘m’:’z’, ‘n’:’a’, ‘o’:’b’, ‘p’:’c’,‘q’:’d’, ‘r’:’e’, ‘s’:’f’, ‘t’:’g’, ‘u’:’h’, ‘v’:’i’, ‘w’:’j’, ‘x’:’k’,‘y’:’l’, ‘z’:’m’, ‘A’:’N’, ‘B’:’O’, ‘C’:’P’, ‘D’:’Q’, ‘E’:’R’, ‘F’:’S’,‘G’:’T’, ‘H’:’U’, ‘I’:’V’, ‘J’:’W’, ‘K’:’X’, ‘L’:’Y’, ‘M’:’Z’, ‘N’:’A’,‘O’:’B’, ‘P’:’C’, ‘Q’:’D’, ‘R’:’E’, ‘S’:’F’, ‘T’:’G’, ‘U’:’H’, ‘V’:’I’,‘W’:’J’, ‘X’:’K’,…Write a program that performs the brute-force attack to break the password. The following table shows encrypted passwords using the crypt() function. Your mission is to break the password corresponding your CWID in the table. For example, the last digit of your CWID is 1, then you should identify the plaintext password for indBOW06MoVz6. Last digit of CWID Encrypted password 1 indBOW06MoVz6 2 in79RsnfG/VWo 3 inbqJM0dLgWvo 4 incT1ji3YqQ/Y 5 in7haMV00ylgk 6 in1U0tb9WpIcI 7 inPlXS.yNKivQ 8 inqidvfWapJp2 9 injY7hdQJTeu2 0 inQW.HgtuEe. Last digit of CWID Encrypted password 1 indBOW06MoVz6 2 in79RsnfG/VWo 3 inbqJM0dLgWvo 4 incT1ji3YqQ/Y 5 in7haMV00ylgk 6 in1U0tb9WpIcI 7 inPlXS.yNKivQ 8 inqidvfWapJp2 9 injY7hdQJTeu2 0 inQW.HgtuEe. i want answer for 2nd one
- Affine Cipher is an example of a Monoalphabetic substitution cipher. The encryption process is substantially mathematical done by using the following formula: C = (P ∗ ?1 + ?2) mod 26. Where k1, k2 are two integers representing the key (selected randomly), C is the ciphertext value, and P is the plaintext value. Where C and P integers with values between 0 and 25. Write an Octave programme to implement this system, run your programme using the Plaintext: “the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog”. Show the obtained ciphertext with the selected values of the keys k1 & k2. Given that the plaintext “s” mapped to ciphertext “W”, plaintext “x” mapped to ciphertext “Z” when encrypted with Affine Cipher. Determine, mathematically, the values for the two keys K1 and K2.Affine Cipher is an example of a Monoalphabetic substitution cipher. The encryption process is substantially mathematical done by using the following formula: C = (P ∗ ?1 + ?2) mod 26. Where k1, k2 are two integers representing the key (selected randomly), C is the ciphertext value, and P is the plaintext value. Where C and P integers with values between 0 and 25. 1) Write an Octave programme to implement this system, run your programme using the Plaintext: “the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog”. Show the obtained ciphertext with the selected values of the keys k1 & k2. 2) Given that the plaintext “s” mapped to ciphertext “W”, plaintext “x” mapped to ciphertext “Z” when encrypted with Affine Cipher. Determine, mathematically, the values for the two keys K1 and K2. I need an octave code for the first part of this question, that i can just copy and paste. In addition, to an explanation of the steps done to…Implement the first round of AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) in python. Given a message with 128 bits, two subkeys subkey0 and subkey1, your program should be able to perform one AddKey before Round 1 and the corresponding operations (SubBytes, ShiftRows, Mix-Columns, and AddKey) in Round 1, and output the result of the encryption after Round 1.