Suppose a router's drop policy is to drop the highest-cost packet whenever queues are full, where it defines the "cost" of a packet to be the product of its size by the time remaining that it will spend in the queue. (Note that in calculating cost it is equivalent to use the sum of the sizes of the earlier packets in lieu of remaining time.) (a) What advantages and disadvantages might such a policy offer, compared to tail drop? (b) Give an example of a sequence of queued packets for which dropping the highest-cost packet differs from dropping the largest packet. (c) Give an example where two packets exchange their relative cost ranks as time progresses.
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- Consider a router buffer preceding an outbound link. In this problem, you will use Little’s formula, a famous formula from queuing theory. Let N denote the average number of packets in the buffer plus the packet being transmitted. Let a denote the rate of packets arriving at the link. Let d denote the average total delay (i.e., the queuing delay plus the transmission delay) experienced by a packet. Little’s formula is N=a⋅d . Suppose that on average, the buffer contains 10 packets, and the average packet queuing delay is 10 msec. The link’s transmission rate is 100 packets/sec. Using Little’s formula, what is the average packet arrival rate, assuming there is no packet loss?Consider the network shown below, and Dijkstra’s link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A?Consider the pattern of red and green packet arrivals to a router’s output port queue, shown below. Suppose each packet takes one time slot to be transmitted, and can only begin transmission (at the earliest) at the beginning of a time slot after its arrival. Indicate the sequence of departing packet numbers (at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) under Priority scheduling, where red packets have priority over green packets. Match each time unit (t=1, t=2, t=3 ....) with the number of the packet that was transmitted and thus "departs" at that time unit.
- Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s, and R denotes the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, (i=1,2,3), and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, the propagation speed on all three links is the transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay? In the above problem, suppose R1=R2=R3=R and dproc=0. Further, suppose the packet switch does not store-and-forward packets but instead immediately transmits each bit it receives before waiting…Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s, and R denotes the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, (i=1,2,3), and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, and the propagation speed on all three links are 3125km/sec, 10000 km/sec, and 3333km/sec respectively. The transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay? In the above problem, suppose R1=R2=R3=R and dproc=0. Further, suppose the packet switch does not store-and-forward packets but…22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?
- Computer Science Before the introduction of IEEE 802.11i, the security scheme for IEEE 802.11 was Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). Assume that the initialization vector (IV) is not used in WEP. Instead, RC4 is applied using K as input and producing s as output. Assume RC4(K, n) is applied for each packet and that all packets have the same length. If an attacker intercepts a single packet with ciphertext C1 and also has a known plaintext/ciphertext pair (P2, C2). Show how the attacker can find the plaintext P1. You can make use of an example by assuming some random data is being encrypted.Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s , and R denote the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, , and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, the propagation speed on all three links is 2.5⋅108m/s the transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay?We have 5 routers labled A-E. Suppose we have the forwarding tables shown below after the routingalgorithm is stable. Let all links have cost 1. a. If a message is originated from A and a destination is E. Which path does it take?b. If a message is originated from C and a destination is D. Which path does it take?c. Give a diagram of a possible network consistent with these tables.
- Under the assumption of no packets loss, how long will it take TCP to send an object that is 20KB over a link with a RTT of 400 milliseconds, a MSS of 2KB, and a rate of 10KB/second when: a. TCP is in slow start, CongWin = 1 and Threshold = 10: b. TCP is in congestion avoidance, CongWin = 5 and Threshold = 5 Assume a simple network of two directly adjacent routers. At time T=0 seconds both sent updates (A -> B "can reach 10.0.0.0 with cost 1", B -> A "can reach 20.0.0.0 with cost 1"). At time T=10 second router B exploded and, as a sad consequence, it stopped sending or receiving any packets. Select all statements that are true: - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, it will not reach the destination - If at T=125s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=125s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=185s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=185s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=305s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=305s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24Consider a scenario in which Host A wants to simultaneously send packets to Hosts B and C. A is connected to B and C via a broadcast channel—a packet sent by A is carried by the channel to both B and C. Suppose that the broadcast channel connecting A, B, and C can independently lose and corrupt packets (and so, for example, a packet sent from A might be correctly received by B, but not by C). Design a stop-and-wait-like error-control protocol for reliably transferring packets from A to B and C, such that A will not get new data from the upper layer until it knows that both B and C have correctly received the current packet. Give FSM descriptions of A and C.