Suppose Bob initiates a TCP connection to Trudy who is pretending to be Alice. During the handshake, Trudy sends Bob Alice's certificate. In what step of the SSL handshake algorithm will Bob discover that he is not communicating with Alice?
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- Given Alice wants to communicate with Bob over an insecure network, you are required to• Design a protocol based on a shared secret key to allow them to authenticate each other; • Explain the limitation of using the shared secret key in this contextif initial values of the sequence number used by both TCP SYN and SYC/ACK packets are always constant values(e.g., both are 0) it will make the TCP session vulnerable to TCP session hijacking attacks. true or false?We explore whether either UDP or TCP offers any level of end-point authentication in this problem. a. Consider a server that accepts a request via UDP and responds via UDP (for example, as done by a DNS server). Where would the server give its answer if a client with IP address X spoofs it with address Y? b. Assume a server receives a SYN with IP source address Y and responds with SYNACK. The server then receives an ACK with IP source address Y and the right acknowledgmentamount. Assuming the server selects a random initial sequence number and there is no "man-in-the-middle," how can the server be confident that the recipient is really at Y (and not at any other address X that spoofs Y)?
- Consider the following 4-message protocol: A → S: (B, {(A, K1)}KpbS) S → B: A B → S: (A, {(B, K2)}KpbS) S → A: (B, {K2}K1) Which of the following statements is true, at the end of the protocol, and with regards to the purpose of the protocol: a) Both A and B establish a session key K2, and B is sure of A’s identity b) Both A and B establish a session key K1, and B is sure of A’s identity c) Both A and B establish a session key K1, and A is sure of B’s identity d) Both A and B establish a session key K1, and both B and A are sure of each other’s identity e) Both A and B establish a session key K2, and A is sure of B’s identity f) Both A and B establish a session key K1 g) Both A and B establish a session key K2 h) Both A and B authenticate each other by knowing each other’s identities i) A ends up knowing B’s identity j) B ends up knowing A’s identity k) None of the above l) All of the aboveConsider the following 4-message protocol: A → S: (B, {(A, K1)}KpbS) S → B: A B → S: (A, {(B, K2)}KpbS) S → A: (B, {K2}K1) And the following attack trace: I(A) → S: (B, {(A, K)}KpbS) S → B: A B → S: (A, {(B, K2)}KpbS) S → I(A): (B, {K2}K) Which one of these changes to the protocol messages would fix the attack trace above, such as the attack then becomes impossible: a) 3. B → S: (A, {(B, {K2}KpbA)}KpbS) b) 4. S → A: (B, {K2, A}K1) c) 2. S → B: {A}KpbB d) 2. S → B: B e) 3. B → S: (A, {(B, {K2}KprS)}KpbS) f) 1. A → S: {(B, A, K1)}KpbS g) 1. A → S: (A, {(B, K1)}KpbS) h) 4. S → A: (B, {K1}K2) i) 4. S → A: (A, B, {K2}K1) j) 2. S → B: A, BConsider the following 4-message protocol:1. A → S: (B, {(A, K1)}KpbS)2. S → B: A3. B → S: (A, {(B, K2)}KpbS)4. S → A: (B, {K2}K1)Assume three runs of the above protocol, that we call P1, P2 and P3. If after completion of run P3, K1 is compromised, i.e. it is leaked to some external intruder, how would this impact the forward secrecy property of K2 for all the three runs of the protocol P1, P2 and P3? Choose the right answer: a) Compromising K1 in P3 compromises every other key in all of the three runs of the protocolb) The secrecy of P3.K2 is not compromised, and therefore P2.K2 and P1.K2 would remain secretc) Compromising K1 in P3 compromises P3.K2, and therefore, every other previous version of K1 and K2 are also compromisedd) The secrecy of P3.K2 is compromised, but P2.K2 and P1.K2 would remain secret since K1 is refreshed after each run, therefore P3.K1 is different from P2.K1 and is different from P1.K1e) Even though K1 is compromised in P3, K2 is not compromised in any of the…
- Design a protocol by which two mutually suspicious parties can authenticate each other. Your protocol should be usable the first time these parties try to authenticate each other.For the following three protocols, discuss which kind of authentication (i.e. aliveness, mutual communication or data agreement) each provides. Protocol 1: A -> S: (A,B) S -> A: {(B,KAB,T,{(KAB,A,T)}KBS)}KAS A -> B: {(KAB,A,T)}KBS Protocol 2: A -> B: A B -> A: NB A -> B: {NB}KAS B -> S: {(A,{NB}KAS)}KBS S -> B: {(A,NB)}KBS Protocol 3: A -> B: (A,NA) B -> S: (B,NB,{(A,NA)}KBS) S -> A: (NB,{(B,KAB,NA)}KAS,{(A,B,KAB,NB)}KBS) A -> B: ({(A,B,KAB,NB)}KBS,{NB}KAB)Alice encrypts a message using AES, and sends the ciphertext to Bob. Unfortunately, during the calculation of the third block, a lightning struck Alice’s house, corrupting the 2nd bit of the AES output (for the third block). Fortunately, nothing else of the calculation was affected. How much of the plaintext can Bob still recover if the mode of encryption is one of the followings: CBC, CFB, OFB, or CTR?
- Is it true or false? Consider TCP congestion control. When the timer at the sender ends, the value of ssthresh is reduced to one-half of its previous value.Consider the following 4-message protocol between A and B, where (N+1) represents the increment of N: A → B: (A, {NA}KAB) B → A: {(NA+1, NB)}KAB A → B: {NB+1}KAB B → A: {(K’AB, NA)}KAB Which of the following mutations to messages of the protocol above, would constitute a harmful attack: a) 1. A → B: (C, {NA}KAB) b) 1. A → B: ({NA}KAB, A) c) 4. B → A: {(KAB, NA)}KAB d) 4. B → A: {(K’AB, NB+1)}KAB e) 3. A → B: {NB+1}KpbB f) 2. B → A: {(NA+1, NA)}KABConsider the following 4-message protocol:1. A → S:(B, {(A, K1)}KpbS) 2. S → B:A 3. B → S:(A, {(B, K2)}KpbS) 4. S → A: (B, {K2}K1) Assume three runs of the above protocol, that we call P1, P2 and P3. If after completion of runP3, K1 is compromised, i.e. it is leaked to some external intruder, how would this impact theforward secrecy property of K2 for all the three runs of the protocol P1, P2 and P3? Choose theright answer: a) Compromising K1 in P3 compromises every other key in all of the three runs of the protocol b) The secrecy of P3.K2 is not compromised, and therefore P2.K2 and P1.K2 would remainsecret c) Compromising K1 in P3 compromises P3.K2, and therefore, every other previous version ofK1 and K2 are also compromised d) The secrecy of P3.K2 is compromised, but P2.K2 and P1.K2 would remain secret since K1 isrefreshed after each run, therefore P3.K1 is different from P2.K1 and is different from P1.K1 e) Even though K1 is compromised in P3, K2 is not compromised in any of the…