The diagram below illustrates the release of chemical A from a human cell in response to a specific stimulus. Stimulus Human cell Chemical A Source: Biology 8th ed.., Pearson 2008, p. 859. Which cell structure plays a direct role in the release of this chemical from the cell? (1) nucleus (2) ribosome (3) chloroplast (4) cell membrane
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- (Q) During M-phase of cell cycle, active M-Cdk phosphorylates several target proteins in order to regulate their activities. Identify TWO specific examples of such target proteins that are phosphorylated by active M-Cdk, and explain how each of them affects the cell (i.e. their respective biological significance). i) target protein phosphorylated: _______________________________ Biological Significance: ii) target protein phosphorylated: _______________________________ Biological Significance:Using specific molecular evidence, elaborate on the remark "oocyte activation entails inactivation."1. Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. epistatic interaction 1. divide the body into identical units(segments)b. regulative 2. initiated by binding of ligand todetermination receptorc. modifier screen 3. individuals with cells of more thanone genotyped. RNAi 4. the fate of early embryonic cells canbe altered by the environmente. ectopic expression 5. assign identity to body segmentsf. homeodomain 6. substance whose concentrationdetermines cell fatesg. green fluorescent 7. suppression of gene expression byprotein double-stranded RNAh. genetic mosaics 8. method for identifying pleiotropicgenesi. segmentation genes 9. a DNA-binding motif found incertain transcription factorsj. homeotic genes 10. encode proteins that accumulate inunfertilized eggs and are needed forembryo developmentk. morphogen 11. double mutant has phenotype of oneof the two mutantsl. maternal effect 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriategenes tissue or at…
- What's the primary difference betweenadult stem cells and embryonic stem cells?O A. Adult stem cells can become a limitednumber of cell types, and embryonic stemcells are more flexible and can generate manydifferent cell types.O B. Embryonic stem cells can become alimited number of cell types, and adult stemcells are more flexible and can generate manydifferent cell types.O C. Adult stem cells can generate manydifferent cell types, and embryonic stem cellscan't differentiate.O D. Embryonic stem cells can generatemany different cell types, and adult stem cellscan't differentiateFigure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In response to increased temperature (a “heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. At the same time, transcription of HSP genes is activated. Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins?Which is true and which is false in the following statements: (regarding cytokinesis in animal cells) I Fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane provides additional surface area required for daughter cells. II The contractile ring forms in the plane of the spindle pole body. III The centralspindlin complex recruits a RhoA-GEF to the cell cortex overlying the midbody. IV Local activation of formins contributes to assembly of the contractile ring.
- During M phase, how M-Cdk can trigger cohesin dissociation as well as Mad2 triggers mitotic checkpoint to delay metaphase to anaphase transition.1. Which organelles is the main calcium store for signaling? Lyosome; ER; Golgi; secretary vesicles 2. A temperature sensitive mutant yeast strains/stops dividing when shifted from. 25 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees Celsius. These cells are analyzed at different temperatures by a machine that measures the amount of DNA they contain. What would explain the behavior of the mutant? Anaphase promoting complex is inactivatend; s cdk is inactivated; m cdk is inactivate; m cycling is overexposed 3.which of the following statements about proto oncogenes is true? Proto oncogenes inhibit cell growth and division; cancer cells often contain loss of function mutations in proto oncogenes; proto oncogenes are needed for cells in normal tissues; none 4. Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is true? Gene amplification of a tumor suppressor gene is more dangerous than gene amplification of a proto oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes are more highly expressed in cancer cells…Answer as directed: Identify, define and describe each of the following terms: a. homologue b. spindle fiber c. crossing over d. interkinesis
- 3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.Select true or false for each of the following statements regarding prophase II. Synapsis and crossover occur. Answertruefalse Spindle fibers form. Answertruefalse Homologous chromosomes pair together. Answertruefalse The nuclear envelope forms. AnswertruefalseI. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…