The dominance pattern of a gene can be determined from the phenotypes of the parents and offspring. In the examp assume that each parent is homozygous for the specific allele and that the progeny are heterozygous. Classify each either complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance.
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- Let’s suppose a gene exists as a functional wild-type allele and anonfunctional mutant allele. At the organism level (i.e., at the levelof visible traits), the wild-type allele is dominant. In a heterozygote,discuss whether dominance occurs at the cellular or molecularlevel. Discuss examples in which the issue of dominance dependson the level of examination.Alleles that show incomplete dominance will represent: Choose oneAnswer: A . heterozygotes that have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles. B. homozygotes that have a genotype like the recessive allele C. homozygotes that have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles. D. heterozygotes that have a genotype like the dominant alleleIn cats, the allele (B) produces black color but (b) producesyellow color. These alleles are co‐dominant to each other. Aheterozygote produces a tortoise‐shell color. The alleles (B)and (b) are sex‐linked as well. Cross a tortoise‐shell femalewith a yellow male. What percent of their offspring will be yellow? What percent of their offspring will be black? What percent of their offspring will be tortoise shell?
- Write down symbols for the alleles. (These may be given in theproblem.) When represented by single letters, the dominantallele is uppercase and the recessive is lowercase.In rabbits, black color (B) is dominant to brown (b), while fullcolor (C) is dominant to chinchilla (c ch). The genes controllingthese traits are linked. Rabbits that are heterozygous for bothtraits and express black, full color are crossed to rabbits thatexpress brown, chinchilla with the following results:31 brown, chinchilla 34 black, full16 brown, full 19 black, chinchillaDetermine the arrangement of alleles in the heterozygousparents and the map distance between the two genes.Two alleles at one locus produce three distinctphenotypes. Two alleles of two genes lead tofive distinct phenotypes. Two alleles of six geneslead to 13 distinct phenotypes. (These statementsassume that the alleles at any one locus arecodominant or incompletely dominant andthat each gene makes an equal contributionto the phenotype.)a. Derive a formula to express this relationship. (Letn equal the number of genes.)b. Each of the most extreme phenotypes for a traitdetermined by two alleles at one locus are foundin a proportion of 1/4 in the F2 generation. If twoalleles of two genes determine the trait, each extreme phenotype will be present in the F2 as 1/16of the population.In common wheat (Triticum aestivum),kernel color varies from red to white andthe genes controlling the color act additively,that is, alleles for each gene are incompletelydominant and each gene contributes equallyto the color. A true-breeding red variety iscrossed to a true-breeding white variety, and1/256 of the F2…
- Which of the following traits are complete dominance, incomplete dominance, X-linked, or sex-linked? Tongue Rolling (R or r) Cleft Chin (V or v)Dimpled Cheeks (G or g)Widow's Peak (W or w) Lobed Ears (L or l)Hair Form (C or C') Red Hair (T or t)Dominant Eye (E or e)Index vs. Ring Finger (F or F')Hitchhiker's Thumb (N or n)Arm Folding (A or a)The allele for hitchhiker’s thumb (h) is recessive to straight thumb (H). If a man and his wife are both homozygous recessive, will any of their offspring potentially have hitchhikers thumb? What is the man’s genotype and the woman’s genotype? What is the man’s phenotype and the woman’s phenotype? What genotype(s) must the offspring have in order to have the phenotypic trait of hitchhiker’s thumb? Do a cross to determine all potential hitchhiker’s thumb genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring of this man and woman. Is it possible for any offspring of the F1 generation to have hitchhiker’s thumb?Suppose a maternal effect gene exists as a functional dominantallele and a nonfunctional recessive allele. A mother who is phenotypically abnormal produces all normal offspring. Explain thegenotype of the mother
- Eye Color is a trait that involves a number of genes. To simplify our example, we can break down the traitinto two phenotypes: dark color and light color eyes. Dark coloration is considered dominant, or isexpressed in a heterozygous condition (when the alleles are different).Q: If you have one light eyed parent and one parent that is homozygous for dark eye color, what are thepotential eye colors of their offspring (young)? To start, what do the Parents’ alleles look like? What istheir Genotype? (Remember, you pick which letter you want to use)Light eye colored parent:Dark eye colored parent:One of the things Mendel designed was a way to provide information about how the genes are passed onfrom parent to offspring. He designed something called a Punnett Square. This square places the parents’alleles outside the box, then uses those alleles to fill in the squares.Let’s start with a reminder of what we know about the parents: Parent Phenotype(appearance) Genotype(alleles) 1 2Use Punnett Square:The letter that accompanies each trait is representative of the dominant allele. This is the letter you will use when recording the genotypic information for each trait.Read through the descriptions of each trait and determine which phenotype you express. Record your phenotypeNext, determine your genotype. If you express the dominant phenotype, you cannot determine the second allele you carry, so you must list the two possible genotypes. Record this. Question: Widow’s Peak (W): A hairline that forms a downward point in the middle of the forehead is caused by a dominant allele. A smooth hairline is caused by a recessive genotype.Labrador retrievers may be black, brown, or golden in color (seethe chapter opening photograph on p. 53). Although each colormay breed true, many different outcomes occur if numerous littersare examined from a variety of matings, where the parentsare not necessarily true-breeding. The following results showsome of the possibilities. Propose a mode of inheritance that isconsistent with these data, and indicate the corresponding genotypesof the parents in each mating. Indicate as well the genotypesof dogs that breed true for each color.(a) black * brown ¡ all black(b) black * brown ¡ 1/2 black1/2 brown(c) black * brown ¡ 3/4 black1/4 golden(d) black * golden ¡ all black(e) black * golden ¡ 4/8 golden3/8 black1/8 brown(f) black * golden ¡ 2/4 golden1/4 black1/4 brown(g) brown * brown ¡ 3/4 brown1/4 golden(h) black * black ¡ 9/16 black4/16 golden3/16 brown