The student engineer of a campus radio station wishes to verify the effectiveness of the lightning rod on the antenna mast (Fig. P18.55). The unknown resistance Rx is between points C and E is a “true ground,” but is inaccessible for direct measurement because the stratum in which it is located is several meters below Earth’s surface. Two identical rods are driven into the ground at A and B , introducing an unknown resistance R y. The procedure for finding the unknown resistance Rx is as follows. Measure resistance R1 between points A and B. with a heavy conducting wire and measure resistance R2 between points A and C. (a) Derive a formula for Rx in terms of the observable resistances R1 and R2 . (b) A satisfactory ground resistance would be Rx < 2.0 Ω. Is the grounding of the station adequate if measurements give R1 = 13 Ω and R2 = 6.0 Ω?

Q: Q#3, Assume X is a discrete random variable with the following probability distribution? 1 2 F(X)…

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Q: The b parameters for the two-port circuit in Fig. P18.30 are b11=1+j13;b12=−1+j4 Ω;b21=13…

A: Given b parameter for two port network Equation of voltage and current in two port network…

Q: Assuming that X is N(3, 4), Y is N(-1, 2) and X and Y are independent. Determine the covariance of…

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Q: 3) Find the differential entropy H (X) of the uniformly distribu variable X with probability density…

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Q: [Q2] The joint density function of two continuous random variables X and Y is expressed below. For c…

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Q: If we have a transformer (500: 50) connected to a 220V voltage source with a frequency of 60Hz, if…

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Q: C. A television content producer in Accra wants to store music digitally ona CD. How would he do it…

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Q: Q2: Let X be a continuous random variable with distribution f(2) =x* if 0 sx<4 X +2K else 1.…

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Q: • A random variable X that has the characteristic function as shown below. Px(w) = (1- j2w)-2 12)…

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Q: We describe the two-port circuit shown in Fig. 18.11 using its b parameters,whose values…

A: Given data: b11 = -20 b12 = -3000 Ω b21 = -2×10-3 S b22 = -0.2 The b-parameters of two port network…

Q: The following direct-current measurements were made on thetwo-port network shown Calculate the g…

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Q: For the control system shown below, determine: a/ the error function E(s) b/ the steady state error…

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Q: 1. When sampling a continuous signal, if the recording time of the signal remains unchanged, the…

A: Sampling: The process of measuring the instantaneous value of continuous time signal in a discrete…

Q: Derive the expressions for the b parameters as functions of the hparameters.

A: In inverse hydride (g) parameters, port 1 current and port 2 voltage are dependent variables and…

Q: For FWR cct. Shown in fig.(2).Find ripple factor and Ir.m.s.where, f=50Hz,R=12kΩ, C=60µF. then draw…

A: Given: A full-wave bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure below: Here, f=50 HzR=12 kΩC=60…

Q: B) The joint density function of two continuous random variables X and Y is Scxy 0<x< 4, 1 < y< 5…

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Q: 18.2 Find the z parameters for the circuit in Fig. P18.2. Figure P18.2 10 402 www M + V₁ 512 Ω V₂

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Q: Q2: If the PDF of the noise affecting the bipolar t1.5 volts transmission has the form f(n) = { (*…

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Q: Q-11 Write the equations at the points a,b.c, d? (b) Q- Write the equations at points ab, c, and d?…

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Q: The two signals are expressed as: X(t) =Xe(t) + XO(t). a. Derive the function of Xe(t) in…

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Q: Q2: B: For the given PDF, caleculate CDF soc (1 + x²) -2 < x < 1 fx(x) = elsewhere

A: CDF cumulative distribution function is the running integrator of the PDF for probability density…

Q: X1 and X2 are two Gaussian distributed random variables. It is known that, X1 has a mean value of…

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Q: Figure P18.3 4 S2 12 N V:

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Q: find the

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Q: 17 he Joint pro. density function 19 ? two discrete discrete variable I and Y is given by 1

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Q: Given a random process X(t)=Acos s(100pi * t) , where A is a random variable uniformly distributed…

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Q: 13. Find the largest data rate that can be transmitted through the system if probability of error is…

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Q: By using Ziegler-Nichols Method, design P, PI and PID controllers for the given system below…

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Q: The probability density function of a random variable X is given by fx(x) = (2x; 0≤x≤1 0; otherwise…

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Q: Let the random variable y be characterized by the following density function: fy(v) = 0.28(y + 2) +…

A: Given: the density function for a random variable Y as  fY(y)=0.2δ(y+2) + 0.1δ(y) + 0.2δ(y-2) +…

Q: An electrical transmission line cable is supported between towers 150m apart. If the cable weighs 30…

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Q: Find the optimal of the following nonlinear functional by GA, and by hand ( x +…

A: The answer as given below:

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Q: a uniform probability density function of a random variable is defined in the interval[a,9] and the…

A: Continous uniform function is denoted by:fx=1b-a   ;0          ;a≤x≤botherwiseGiven interval a,b=a,9

Q: Q1: Find F.T for the signal shown below:

A: The given signal is shown below:

Q: 4. If the quantized value xo is obtained by truncation of x instead of rounding, show that the…

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Q: Let X and Y be random variables having joint density function P(x.y)={c(2x + y) Find (a) the…

A: Random Variable- It is defined as the X, such that, S tense to R. There are two types of random…

Q: Find the f

A: The solution can be achieved as follows.

Q: 1.50 Given below are the unit sample responses of several linear shift-invariant systems. For each…

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Q: Problem 4: Suppose the random variable X in Problem 3 is sent through a quantizer g(x) to produce…

A: a) For the given F(x) function, we have here:Fx(-0.5) = 0.2*(1 - 0.5)2 = 0.05Fx(0.5) = 0.5*(1 + 0.5)…

Q: A noisy resistor presents a voltage X distributed as a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and…

A: Given X is distributed as a Gaussian random variable with the mean is equal to zero so E[X]=0 and…

Q: Use the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to find the range of K for which the following system is stable.

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Q: If the joint probability distribution of X and Y is given by f(x, y) = x+y 30 Find a) P(X ≤ 2, Y =…

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Q: Consider an 82m (diameter), 1.65MW wind turbine with a rated wind speed of 13m/s.  a. What is an…

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Q: A continuous random variable X had a pdf shown below. Find (A) K, and (B) P{X>1).

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Q: Exercise 20-2 Please derive Eq. (20.2) in the situation shown in Fig. 18-3. SHEET OF MOVING BOUNDARY…

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Q: Can you please solve problem (d) only?

A: d). The probability mass function (PMF) is: By the property of PMF,

Q: Q2: If the PDF of the noise affecting the bipolar t1.5 volts transmission has the form f(n) = {*…

A:

Antenna Characteristics

The antenna is an important concept in the domain of electronics and communication engineering. An antenna forms an integral part of many commonly used devices such as wireless modems, routers, game controllers, mobile phones, bluetooth devices, and so on. In simple terms, any wireless communication makes use of antennas to serve the purpose. An antenna, also known by the term 'arial', is an electrical device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. An antenna contains a transmission line usually made up of co-axial cable, it then receives the signals and converts them into electromagnetic waves, which are then transmitted via space into their required destination. A communication system essentially makes use of two antennas, a transmission antenna, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, and a receiving antenna, which receives the electromagnetic waves and converts them back into electrical signals.