Toxins such as tetrodotoxin (from puffer fish and newts) andsaxitoxin (from red-tide dinoflagellates) block voltage-gated Na+channels selectively. What effect would they have on currentsin a voltage clamp to 0 mV? How do you suppose such toxinsevolved?

Toxins such as tetrodotoxin (from puffer fish and newts) andsaxitoxin (from red-tide dinoflagellates) block voltage-gated Na+channels selectively. What effect would they have on currentsin a voltage clamp to 0 mV? How do you suppose such toxinsevolved?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section4.3: Action Potentials

Problem 2CYU

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.

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Toxins such as tetrodotoxin (from puffer fish and newts) and
saxitoxin (from red-tide dinoflagellates) block voltage-gated Na+
channels selectively. What effect would they have on currents
in a voltage clamp to 0 mV? How do you suppose such toxins
evolved?

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