Typically, at the completion of a device I/O, a single interrupt is raised and appropriately handled by the host processor. In certain settings, however, the code that is to be executed at the completion of the I/O can be broken into two separate pieces, one of which executes immediately after the I/O completes and schedules a second interrupt for the remaining piece of code to be executed at a later time. What is the purpose of using this strategy in the design of interrupt handlers?
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- It is possible to store a mailbox in the process address space when using the indirect message forwarding paradigm of IPC (or in the kernel). An analogous shared-memory architecture is one in which a shared-memory area is located inside the address space of the process. What is the difference between the indirect message passing and shared memory models, taking into account both of the facts (that they both utilize process address space), is unclear.We describe a protocol of input device communication below: i) Each device has a distinct address. ii) The BUS controller scans each device in a sequence of increasing address value to determine if the entity wishes to communicate iii) The device ready to communicate leaves its data in the I/O register iv) The data is picked up and the controller moves to the step a Identify the form of communication best describes the I/O mode amongst the following. a) Programmed mode of data transfer b) DMA c) Interrupt mode d) PollingA multiprocessor has a 3.3 GHz clock (0.3 nsec) and CPI = 0.7 when references are satisfied by the local cache. How much faster is an application which uses only local references versus when 2% of the references are remote the processor stall for the remote access is 200nsec ?
- Consider an embedded system where the application code makes use of a real time operating system. The system state is as follows: • Task A has highest task priority and is blocked, waiting for an event to occur. • A low priority interrupt service routine (ISR) is currently executing code. • The interrupt that Task A is waiting for occurs. This interrupt source has high priority. Explain what happens to the two ISRs in question and Task A in this situation.What is the purpose of a virtual machine monitor (VMM), and how does it facilitate the execution of multiple virtual machines on a single physical host?A system implements a paged virtual address space for each process using a one-level page table. The maximum size of virtual address space is 16MB. The page table for the running process includes the following valid entries (the → notation indicates that a virtual page maps to the given page frame; that is, it is located in that frame): virtual page 2 → page frame 4 virtual page 1 → page frame 2 virtual page 0 → page frame 1 virtual page 4 → page frame 9 virtual page 3 → page frame 16The page size is 1024 bytes and the maximum physical memory size of the machine is 2MB.Q.) Which virtual address will translate to physical address 0x400?
- A system implements a paged virtual address space for each process using a one-level page table. The maximum size of virtual address space is 16MB. The page table for the running process includes the following valid entries (the → notation indicates that a virtual page maps to the given page frame; that is, it is located in that frame): virtual page 2 → page frame 4 virtual page 1 → page frame 2 virtual page 0 → page frame 1 virtual page 4 → page frame 9 virtual page 3 → page frame 16The page size is 1024 bytes and the maximum physical memory size of the machine is 2MB.Q.)To which physical address will the virtual address 0x5F4 translate?A system implements a paged virtual address space for each process using a one-level page table. The maximum size of virtual address space is 16MB. The page table for the running process includes the following valid entries (the → notation indicates that a virtual page maps to the given page frame; that is, it is located in that frame): virtual page 2 → page frame 4 virtual page 1 → page frame 2 virtual page 0 → page frame 1 virtual page 4 → page frame 9 virtual page 3 → page frame 16The page size is 1024 bytes and the maximum physical memory size of the machine is 2MB.Q.) How many bits are required for each virtual address?A system implements a paged virtual address space for each process using a one-level page table. The maximum size of virtual address space is 16MB. The page table for the running process includes the following valid entries (the → notation indicates that a virtual page maps to the given page frame; that is, it is located in that frame): virtual page 2 → page frame 4 virtual page 1 → page frame 2 virtual page 0 → page frame 1 virtual page 4 → page frame 9 virtual page 3 → page frame 16The page size is 1024 bytes and the maximum physical memory size of the machine is 2MB.Q.)What is the maximum number of entries in a page table?
- In an ideal embedded operating system, would all nonkernel threads always execute at lower priority than interrupts?The VAX SBI bus uses a distributed, synchronous arbitration scheme. Each SBIN device (i.e., processor, memory, I/O module) has a unique priority and is assigned a unique transfer request (TR) line. The SBI has 16 such lines (TR0, TR1, . . ., TR15), with TR0 having the highest priority. When a device wants to use the bus, it places a reservation for a future time slot by asserting its TR line during the current time slot. At the end of the current time slot, each device with a pending reservation examines the TR lines; the highest-priority device with a reservation uses the next time slot. A maximum of 17 devices can be attached to the bus. The device with priority 16 has no TR line. Why not?a) For what reason is synchronization important among processes when every one of them are executing on a single CPU machine and just one of them can really execute at any one moment?b) There are several way to design an operation system but let suppose an organization need to design an operating system for their server machine and multiple user will be allowed to access the resources through network. Which technique would you like to suggest to design process communication module? What is the advantages of your selected technique? Explain your answer briefly.c) From the given scenario in part(b), which treading model allows system to run an application that fetches data continuously and simultaneously over network? Justify your answer.