Undercapitalization refers to the problem of insufficient start-up funds.True or FalseTrueFalse< Prev3 of 10Next >

First let us understand the meaning of 'Undercapitalization'. When we break the word into two, we…

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Practical Management Science

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337406659

Author:WINSTON, Wayne L.

Publisher:WINSTON, Wayne L.

Chapter2: Introduction To Spreadsheet Modeling

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 37P

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It is January 1 of year 0, and Merck is trying to determine whether to continue development of a new drug. The following information is relevant. You can assume that all cash flows occur at the ends of the respective years. Clinical trials (the trials where the drug is tested on humans) are equally likely to be completed in year 1 or 2. There is an 80% chance that clinical trials will succeed. If these trials fail, the FDA will not allow the drug to be marketed. The cost of clinical trials is assumed to follow a triangular distribution with best case 100 million, most likely case 150 million, and worst case 250 million. Clinical trial costs are incurred at the end of the year clinical trials are completed. If clinical trials succeed, the drug will be sold for five years, earning a profit of 6 per unit sold. If clinical trials succeed, a plant will be built during the same year trials are completed. The cost of the plant is assumed to follow a triangular distribution with best case 1 billion, most likely case 1.5 billion, and worst case 2.5 billion. The plant cost will be depreciated on a straight-line basis during the five years of sales. Sales begin the year after successful clinical trials. Of course, if the clinical trials fail, there are no sales. During the first year of sales, Merck believe sales will be between 100 million and 200 million units. Sales of 140 million units are assumed to be three times as likely as sales of 120 million units, and sales of 160 million units are assumed to be twice as likely as sales of 120 million units. Merck assumes that for years 2 to 5 that the drug is on the market, the growth rate will be the same each year. The annual growth in sales will be between 5% and 15%. There is a 25% chance that the annual growth will be 7% or less, a 50% chance that it will be 9% or less, and a 75% chance that it will be 12% or less. Cash flows are discounted 15% per year, and the tax rate is 40%. Use simulation to model Mercks situation. Based on the simulation output, would you recommend that Merck continue developing? Explain your reasoning. What are the three key drivers of the projects NPV? (Hint: The way the uncertainty about the first year sales is stated suggests using the General distribution, implemented with the RISKGENERAL function. Similarly, the way the uncertainty about the annual growth rate is stated suggests using the Cumul distribution, implemented with the RISKCUMUL function. Look these functions up in @RISKs online help.)
The IRR is the discount rate r that makes a project have an NPV of 0. You can find IRR in Excel with the built-in IRR function, using the syntax =IRR(range of cash flows). However, it can be tricky. In fact, if the IRR is not near 10%, this function might not find an answer, and you would get an error message. Then you must try the syntax =IRR(range of cash flows, guess), where guess" is your best guess for the IRR. It is best to try a range of guesses (say, 90% to 100%). Find the IRR of the project described in Problem 34. 34. Consider a project with the following cash flows: year 1, 400; year 2, 200; year 3, 600; year 4, 900; year 5, 1000; year 6, 250; year 7, 230. Assume a discount rate of 15% per year. a. Find the projects NPV if cash flows occur at the ends of the respective years. b. Find the projects NPV if cash flows occur at the beginnings of the respective years. c. Find the projects NPV if cash flows occur at the middles of the respective years.
You are considering a 10-year investment project. At present, the expected cash flow each year is 10,000. Suppose, however, that each years cash flow is normally distributed with mean equal to last years actual cash flow and standard deviation 1000. For example, suppose that the actual cash flow in year 1 is 12,000. Then year 2 cash flow is normal with mean 12,000 and standard deviation 1000. Also, at the end of year 1, your best guess is that each later years expected cash flow will be 12,000. a. Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the NPV of this project. Assume that cash flows are discounted at a rate of 10% per year. b. Now assume that the project has an abandonment option. At the end of each year you can abandon the project for the value given in the file P11_60.xlsx. For example, suppose that year 1 cash flow is 4000. Then at the end of year 1, you expect cash flow for each remaining year to be 4000. This has an NPV of less than 62,000, so you should abandon the project and collect 62,000 at the end of year 1. Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the project with the abandonment option. How much would you pay for the abandonment option? (Hint: You can abandon a project at most once. So in year 5, for example, you abandon only if the sum of future expected NPVs is less than the year 5 abandonment value and the project has not yet been abandoned. Also, once you abandon the project, the actual cash flows for future years are zero. So in this case the future cash flows after abandonment should be zero in your model.)
BADLY NEED YOUR HELP PLEASE. 1.) True or false? Briefly explain. _____ Your firm has the opportunity to invest $20 million in a new project. The interest rate on the firm’s debt is 7% and the cost of equity is 14%. The cost of capital for the project depends on whether the firm finances the project with new debt or new equity. _____ You are thinking about investing in either stock A or stock B. Both stocks have an expected return of 12%, but stock A has a standard deviation of 25% annually and stock B has a standard deviation of 35% annually. You should invest in stock A since it is less risky. _____ Your firm currently has a debt-to-equity ratio of 10%: debt = $50 million and equity = $500 million (market values). The interest rate on the firm’s debt (rD) is 8% and the cost of equity (rE) is 13%. Since the cost of debt rD is lower than the cost of equity rE, the firm can lower its overall cost of capital by borrowing more. Ignore taxes.
Evaluate the following statements:S1. Any investment income of general borrowing is deducted from capitalizable borrowing cost.S2. If the asset is financed by specific borrowing but a portion is used for working capital purposes, the borrowing shall be treated as general borrowing in determining capitalizable borrowing cost. a.False, False b.False, True c.True, True d.True, False
Using the data in the following table, calculate the return for investing in Boeing stock (BA) from January 2, 2008, to January 2, 2009, and also from January 3, 2011, to January 3, 2012, assuming all dividends are reinvested in the stock immediately. Historical Stock and Dividend Data for Boeing Date Price Dividend Date Price Dividend 1/2/2008 86.62 1/3/2011 66.40 2/6/2008 79.91 0.40 2/9/2011 72.63 0.42 5/7/2008 84.55 0.40 5/11/2011 79.08 0.42 8/6/2008 65.40 0.40 8/10/2011 57.41 0.42 11/5/2008 49.55 0.40 11/8/2011 66.65 0.42 1/2/2009 45.25 1/3/2012 74.22 Return from January 2, 2008, to January 2, 2009 is how much? (Round to two decimal places.)
Assume that prices for a non-dividend-paying stock follow the lognormal model. The current price of the stock is 145. The stock has a volatility of 25%. You are given that for a 2-year, at-the-money call. Calculate the expected payoff of this call. [DM_05d_05] Group of answer choices 46.88 50.04 59.51 56.35 53.20
You have recently won the super jackpot in the WashingtonState Lottery. On reading the fine print, you discover that you have the following twooptions:a. You will receive 31 annual payments of $250,000, with the first payment beingdelivered today. The income will be taxed at a rate of 28 percent. Taxes will bewithheld when the checks are issued.b. You will receive $530,000 now, and you will not have to pay taxes on this amount.In addition, beginning one year from today, you will receive $200,000 each yearfor 30 years. The cash flows from this annuity will be taxed at 28 percent.Using a discount rate of 7 percent, which option should you select?
Oxicon Inc. manufactures several different types of candy for various retail stores. The accountingmanager has requested that you determine the sales dollars required to break even for next quarter based on past financial data. Your research tells you that the total variable costs will be $500,000,total sales will be $750,000, and fixed costs will be $75,000. What is the breakeven point in salesdollars?
What-If Analysis As the management accountant for the Tyson Company you have been askedto construct a financial planning model for collection of accounts receivable and then to performa what-if analysis in terms of the assumption regarding estimated uncollectible accounts. You areprovided with the following information:Collection Pattern for Credit Sales: 65% of the company’s credit sales are collected in the monthof sale, 30% in the month following the month of sale, and 5% are uncollectible.Credit Sales: January 2019, $100,000; February 2019, $120,000; March 2019, $110,000.Required1. Generate a spreadsheet model regarding estimated bad debts expense under the following assumptionsregarding the rate of uncollectible accounts: 1%, 3%, 5% (base case), and 8%. Prepare an estimate of baddebts expense for each of three months, January through March, and for the quarter as a whole.2. What is the value to Tyson Company of creating a model and then performing the what-if analysis?
On Monday, a certain stock closed at $10 per share. Before the stock market opens on Tuesday, you expect the stock to close at $9, $10, or $11 per share, with respective probabilities 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4. Looking ahead to Wednesday, you expect the stock to close 10 percent lower, unchanged, or 10 percent higher than Tuesday’s close, with the following probabilities. Tuesday's Close 10 Percent Lower Unchanged 10 Percent Higher $9 0.4 0.3 0.3 10 0.2 0.2 0.6 11 0.1 0.2 0.7 Early on Tuesday, you are directed to buy 100 shares of the stock before Thursday. All purchases are made at the end of the day, at the known closing price for that day, so your only options are to buy at the end of Tuesday or at the end of Wednesday. You wish to determine the optimal strategy for whether to buy on Tuesday or defer the purchase until Wednesday, given the Tuesday closing price, to minimize the expected purchase price. Develop and evaluate a decision tree. a-1. Determine the optimal…
Rollo Megabux has $1 million to invest in stocks orbonds. The percentage yield on each investment during thecoming year depends on whether the economy has a goodor a bad year (see Table 17). It is equally likely that theeconomy will have a good or a bad year.a If Rollo is risk-neutral, how should he invest hismoney?b For $10,000, Rollo can hire a consulting firm toforecast the state of the economy. The consulting firm’sforecasts have the following properties:P(good forecast|economy good) .80P(good forecast|economy bad) .20Should Rollo hire the consulting firm? What are EVSIand EVPI? Economy EconomyHas Good Has BadYear YearYield on stocks 22% 10%Yield on bonds 16% 14%

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