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Financial Ratios
A Ratio refers to a figure calculated as a reference to the relationship of two or more numbers and can be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage, or the number of times. When the number is determined by taking two accounting numbers derived from the financial statements, it is termed as the accounting ratio.
Return on Equity
The Return on Equity (RoE) is a measure of the profitability of a business concerning the funds by its stockholders/shareholders. ROE is a metric used generally to determine how well the company utilizes its funds provided by the equity shareholders.
What are financial ratios?
Using numerical values from financial statements, financial ratios are created to obtain useful information about a company. Using the numbers on a company's
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- The metrics based on financial numbers produced by the accounting system are ________. A. quantitative factors B. qualitative factors C. stakeholders D. stockholdersWhat are the two most common receivables ratios, and what do these ratios tell a stakeholder about the company?The average liabilities, average stockholders' equity, and average total assets are as follows: 1. Determine the following ratios for both companies, rounding ratios and percentagesto one decimal place: a. Return on total assets b. Return on stockholders' equity c. Times interest earned d. Ratio of total liabilities to stockholders' equity 2. Based on the information in (1), analyze and compare the two companies'solvency and profitability. Comprehensive profitability and solvency analysis Marriott International, Inc., and Hyatt Hotels Corporation are two major owners and managers of lodging and resort properties in the United States. Abstracted income statement information for the two companies is as follows for a recent year (in millions): Balance sheet information is as follows:
- Effect of Industry Characteristics on Financial Statement Relations. Effective financial statement analysis requires an understanding of a firms economic characteristics. The relations between various financial statement items provide evidence of many of these economic characteristics. Exhibit 1.22 (pages 6061) presents common-size condensed balance sheets and income statements for 12 firms in different industries. These common-size balance sheets and income statements express various items as a percentage of operating revenues. (That is, the statement divides all amounts by operating revenues for the year.) Exhibit 1.22 also shows the ratio of cash flow from operations to capital expenditures. A dash for a particular financial statement item does not necessarily mean the amount is zero. It merely indicates that the amount is not sufficiently large enough for the firm to disclose it. Amounts that are not meaningful are shown as n.m. A list of the 12 companies and a brief description of their activities follow. A. Amazon.com: Operates websites to sell a wide variety of products online. The firm operated at a net loss in all years prior to that reported in Exhibit 1.22. B. Carnival Corporation: Owns and operates cruise ships. C. Cisco Systems: Manufactures and sells computer networking and communications products. D. Citigroup: Offers a wide range of financial services in the commercial banking, insurance, and securities business. Operating expenses represent the compensation of employees. E. eBay: Operates an online trading platform for buyers to purchase and sellers to sell a variety of goods. The firm has grown in part by acquiring other companies to enhance or support its online trading platform. F. Goldman Sachs: Offers brokerage and investment banking services. Operating expenses represent the compensation of employees. G. Johnson Johnson: Develops, manufactures, and sells pharmaceutical products, medical equipment, and branded over-the-counter consumer personal care products. H. Kelloggs: Manufactures and distributes cereal and other food products. The firm acquired other branded food companies in recent years. I. MGM Mirage: Owns and operates hotels, casinos, and golf courses. J. Molson Coors: Manufactures and distributes beer. Molson Coors has made minority ownership investments in other beer manufacturers in recent years. K. Verizon: Maintains a telecommunications network and offers telecommunications services. Operating expenses represent the compensation of employees. Verizon has made minority investments in other cellular and wireless providers. L. Yum! Brands: Operates chains of name-brand restaurants, including Taco Bell, KFC, and Pizza Hut. REQUIRED Use the ratios to match the companies in Exhibit 1.22 with the firms listed above.Effect of Industry Characteristics on Financial Statement Relations. Effective financial statement analysis requires an understanding of a firms economic characteristics. The relations between various financial statement items provide evidence of many of these economic characteristics. Exhibit 1.23 (pages 6263) presents common-size condensed balance sheets and income statements for 12 firms in different industries. These common-size balance sheets and income statements express various items as a percentage of operating revenues. (That is, the statement divides all amounts by operating revenues for the year.) Exhibit 1.23 also shows the ratio of cash flow from operations to capital expenditures. A dash for a particular financial statement item does not necessarily mean the amount is zero. It merely indicates that the amount is not sufficiently large for the firm to disclose it. A list of the 12 companies and a brief description of their activities follow. A. Abercrombie Fitch: Sells retail apparel primarily through stores to the fashionconscious young adult and has established itself as a trendy, popular player in the specialty retailing apparel industry. B. Allstate Insurance: Sells property and casualty insurance, primarily on buildings and automobiles. Operating revenues include insurance premiums from customers and revenues earned from investments made with cash received from customers before Allstate pays customers claims. Operating expenses include amounts actually paid or expected to be paid in the future on insurance coverage outstanding during the year. C. Best Buy: Operates a chain of retail stores selling consumer electronic and entertainment equipment at competitively low prices. D. E. I. du Pont de Nemours: Manufactures chemical and electronics products. E. Hewlett-Packard: Develops, manufactures, and sells computer hardware. The firm outsources manufacturing of many of its computer components. F. HSBC Finance: Lends money to consumers for periods ranging from several months to several years. Operating expenses include provisions for estimated uncollectible loans (bad debts expense). G. Kelly Services: Provides temporary office services to businesses and other firms. Operating revenues represent amounts billed to customers for temporary help services, and operating expenses include amounts paid to the temporary help employees of Kelly. H. McDonalds: Operates fast-food restaurants worldwide. A large percentage of McDonalds restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees. McDonalds frequently owns the restaurant buildings of franchisees and leases them to franchisees under long-term leases. I. Merck: A leading research-driven pharmaceutical products and services company. Merck discovers, develops, manufactures, and markets a broad range of products to improve human and animal health directly and through its joint ventures. J. Omnicom Group: Creates advertising copy for clients and is the largest marketing services firm in the world. Omnicom purchases advertising time and space from various media and sells it to clients. Operating revenues represent commissions and fees earned by creating advertising copy and selling media time and space. Operating expenses includes employee compensation. K. Pacific Gas Electric: Generates and sells power to customers in the western United States. L. Procter Gamble: Manufactures and markets a broad line of branded consumer products. REQUIRED Use the ratios to match the companies in Exhibit 1.23 with the firms listed above.Analyze and compare Bank of America and Wells Fargo Bank of America Corporation (BAC) and Wells Fargo Company (WFC) are two large financial services companies. The following data (in millions) were taken from a recent years financial statements for both companies: a. Compute the earnings per share for both companies. Round to the nearest cent. a. Which company appears to be more profitable on an earnings-per-share basis? b. Which company would you expect to have the larger quoted market price?
- Define each of the following terms: Liquidity ratios: current ratio; quick, or acid test, ratio Asset management ratios: inventory turnover ratio; days sales outstanding (DSO); fixed assets turnover ratio; total assets turnover ratio Financial leverage ratios: debt ratio; times-interest-earned (TIE) ratio; EBITDA coverage ratio Profitability ratios: profit margin on sales; basic earning power (BEP) ratio; return on total assets (ROA); return on common equity (ROE) Market value ratios: price/earnings (P/E) ratio; price/cash flow ratio; market/book (M/B) ratio; book value per share Trend analysis; comparative ratio analysis; benchmarking DuPont equation; window dressing; seasonal effects on ratiosQuiz 2: Solvency Debt-to-equity ratio Times interest earned ratio Debt service coverage ratio Cash flow from operations to capital expenditures ratio Profitability Return on assets ratio Return on sales ratio Asset turnover ratio Return on common stockholders equity ratio Leverage Earnings per share (EPS) Price/earnings (P/E) ratio Dividend payout ratio Dividend yield ratio A measure of a companys success in earning a return for the common stockholders. The relationship between a companys performance according to the income statement and its performance in the stock market. The ability of a company to remain in business over the long term. A variation of the profit margin ratio; measures earnings before payments to creditors. A companys bottom line stated on a per-share basis. The percentage of earnings paid out as dividends. The ratio of total liabilities to total stockholders equity. A measure of the ability of a company to finance long-term asset acquisitions with cash from operations. A measure of a companys success in earning a return for all providers of capital. The relationship between net sales and average total assets. The relationship between dividends and the market price of a companys stock. The use of borrowed funds and amounts contributed by preferred stockholders to earn an overall return higher than the cost of these funds. An income statement measure of the ability of a company to meet its interest payments. A statement of cash flows measure of the ability of a company to meet its interest and principal payments. How well management is using company resources to earn a return on the funds invested by various groups.
