What are the most common sites on proteins that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?

Q: What kind of genes are downstream of ER signalling and what is their function?

A: A gene is an essential unit of heredity and an arrangement of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the…

Q: How Are Signaling Pathways Organized and Integrated?

A: Signalling pathways are the pathway which provides interaction between two cells. They release…

Q: Which three amino acid residues can be phosphorylated by kinases? What property do these amino acids…

A: Gene expression in organisms is controlled at various levels like at the level of transcription,…

Q: What is the importance of understanding the interactions between the receptor binding domain of the…

A: Spike Protein- The S protein is a highly glycosylated and large type I transmembrane fusion protein…

Q: What is the source of the ATP for the kinase reaction?

A: ATP Kinase : It is an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy,…

Q: Which of these proteins contain IDRS, and how do the IDRS impact signaling?

A: Intrinsically disordered proteins and region ( IDPs and IDRs) are of crucial importance to cell…

Q: What are the general pathway of signal transduction, and the role of…

A: Signal transduction is also known as cell signaling is the transmission of molecular signs from a…

Q: What are phosphatases and what is their role in twocomponent regulatory systems?

A: The two-component regulatory system (TCRS) are the important signaling system or the mediators of…

Q: How does YopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway?

A: Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a serine/threonine kinase that acetylates various MAP kinases…

Q: What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?

A: Signal transduction is a biochemical process through which molecular signals got transmitted from…

Q: What is the three-dimensional structure of GPCRs? How does the structure of these receptors…

A: GPCR means G-protein coupled receptors. These proteins are found on the cell surface and act as…

Q: What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?

A: G-protein coupled receptor refers to the cell surface receptor that recognizes molecules (ligand)…

Q: What critical roles does the TFIIH CTD kinase play in regulating the switch from a pre-initiation…

A: Hi, Thanks For Your Question.  Answer : TFIIH Is Required For The Beginning And Transition To…

Q: What is a signal sequence, and what is it recognized by? In what cellular process do signal…

A: Signal peptide The N-terminus among most newly produced proteins that are headed for the secretory…

Q: What is the relationship between signal transduction and cellularproliferation?

A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…

Q: What is the importance of the arrangement of positive charges relative to the membrane orientation…

A: The peptide sequence that is essential for protein insertion, orientation in membrane and for…

Q: What are two common ways by which signal transduction pathwaysenhance the activity of specific…

A: Signal transduction can be defined as a process by which a physical or chemical signal is spread…

Q: What triggers the activation of G proteins? When triggered, what do G proteins do? Explain how a…

A: Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are a transmembrane protein family that acts as a…

Q: What is the benefit of using second messengers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction…

A: Cell signaling involves the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. Cells…

Q: What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how…

A: Cell signaling is part of the cellular communication process that regulates the basic activities of…

Q: What is one advantage of signal transduction being a pathway (several steps)?

A: Signal transduction is also known as cell signaling. It is a process in which the signals pass from…

Q: Give an example of contact-dependent signaling. What are some proteins involved?

A: Cell to cell interaction is very much important during the developmental process and it involves…

Q: What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?

A: Amino acids (AA) are organic molecules that act as the fundamental blocks of proteins. Twenty-one…

Q: What is G-proteincoupled receptors?

A: G-protein can be defined as a neutral tight binding protein that acts as a molecular switch inside…

Q: How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.

A: Signaling protein: In almost all cells, there is a protein on the membrane known as a…

Q: What is cGMP-dependent protein kinase?

A: A chemical process or chemical reaction is the formation of new substances ( product) from reactant…

Q: Why Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-soluble and water-soluble messengers?

A: Hormones are molecules that are created and released by glands in the endocrine system (also known…

Q: Can you please describe the role of G proteins in ligand-activated cellular signal transduction.

A: G-proteins are present as transmembrane receptors embedded in the cell membrane. The ligand molecule…

Q: What do the cytoplasmic domain of a G protein-coupled receptor and the adaptor protein in the RTK…

A: Cells communicate each other by a process known as cell signaling. A ligand molecule binds with the…

Q: Jhat are the two problems that a protein component of an intracellular signaling circuit must solve?

A: Intracellular target enzymes are triggered by cell surface receptors. Such enzymes are coupled with…

Q: why are steroids so useful as signaling molecules?

A: Hormones released into the bloodstream from endocrine gland cells and special cells in the…

Q: Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Propose a…

A: GTPase activities are performed by the GTPases which are the families of hydrolase enzymes. G…

Q: Describe the action of the following molecular playersin signal transduction pathways: growth…

A: Signal transduction pathway consists of series of molecular events happening in a cell in which…

Q: Briefly explain in your words the role of how Inside-out signaling of integrin occurs?

A: Integrin is a large family of transmembrane receptors for extracellular matrix and cell-surface…

Q: What are the signal molecules that regulate the activity of PAP?

A: PAP - It is 3'- Phosphoadinisine -5' Phosphate, it involves in the inhibition of a group of nuclease…

Q: How is down-regulation possible in regulation receptors?

A: Introduction   A receptor is a molecule, usually a protein, that receives signals and transmits them…

Q: Outline the general features of a signal transduction pathwaystarting with binding of a PAMP by a…

A: Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of…

Q: The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by(A) dimerization and…

A: Tyrosine kinases receptors (RTKs) are the cell surface receptors which can identify polypeptide…

Q: How is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a…

A: Signal transduction is a process in cell signaling.

Q: How does phosphorylation differ between the kinase-catalyzed reactions and the reaction catalyzed by…

A: Phosphorylation is a process of adding the phosphate group to the biomolecule which was taken from…

Q: How does integrin play role in cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling is the capacity of cells to receive, process, and send messages with their…

Q: How does the interaction between allosteric and covalent modulation result?

A: Introduction: In Allosteric and covalent modulation, covalent binding molecules can potentially…

Q: What is the function of a protein kinase? What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?

A: All cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings. Each cell is programmed to respond…

Q: Why is it important that the approximately 60 different Rab GTPases in humans are associated with…

A: Rab GTPases-It is the main regulator of eukaryotic membrane transport. GTPases-Guanine…

Q: What are the two main mechanisms by which cell signaling is regulated? What the difference between…

A: Cells contain proteins known as receptors, which bind to signaling molecules and cause a…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.