What are uniport, symport, and antiport?

Q: Why did RNA silencing develop?

A: RNA silencing or RNA interference is a process of post-transcriptional gene regulation. It is a…

Q: What is the translocon composed of and its function?

A: Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that is associated with the nucleus of cell .  It is divided…

Q: What is an electrogenic pump?

A: Sodium potassium ATPase is an integral membrane protein found in the cells of all higher eukaryotes.…

Q: What technological advances does RNA-Seq depend on?

A: RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. It is a genome in most viruses. It helps in coding, expression of…

Q: Why is phage typing an important clinical tool?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside the host cells. They can infect all…

Q: What is clone in terms of cells?

A: Introduction  All cells with some exceptions undergo cell division in order to multiply. During cell…

Q: What is the initiation complex and how it is different from the preinitiation complex?

A: Initiation complex - All the components required for the the initiation of translation process is…

Q: What is step 1 of making a cDNA library?

A: DNA cloning is a molecular technique that makes many identical copies of a DNA. A DNA library is a…

Q: What is the difference between pluripotent and multipotent stem cells

A: Pleuripotent Stem Cells These cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body.…

Q: What are the advantages of having both an activatorand a repressor protein?

A: Gene expression is regulated by the turning off of the expression of genes when they are not…

Q: what is BCRmRNA?

A: mRNA or messenger RNA is a type of an RNA molecule. RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polymer of…

Q: By means of a flowchart, show the possible jumps that a transposoncan make. Show the involvement of…

A: Transposons are regions present in DNA that can move around the genome and thus they are known as…

Q: How to find CpG islands in bacterial genome?

A: The CpG sites refer to the portion of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) where cytosine nucleotide (C)…

Q: What are the two common characteristics of stem cells?

A: Two common characterstics of stem - cells are : Perpetual self - renewal. Ability to differentiate…

Q: (piRNAs) are single-stranded or double stranded?

A: The non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) that plays a role in the activation or inhibition in the…

Q: What are silencer sequences?

A: Gene expression is defined as the process by which the information that is encoded in a gene is used…

Q: hat is subcloning

A: Biology is a branch of science. Bio means life and ology means study. Biology is basically the study…

Q: What repressors do?

A: DNA is the genetic material present within the nucleus in the cell. It maintains the heredity of the…

Q: What do you mean by fluorescent-labeled probes?

A: Fluorescent marking is the interaction of covalently binding fluorescent colors to biomolecules,…

Q: How does phage therapy work?

A: Phages are viruses that use bacterial as hosts. Some of the phages exhibit both lytic and lysogenic…

Q: Briefly, how can we have so many TCRs and BCRs (billions!) with only 100 genes dedicated to making…

A: The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex present on the exterior of T cells, also known as T…

Q: How are microsatellites detected?

A: Molecular mapping is used to find the location of gene on the chromosome and also the distance…

Q: Give the structure of an LTR retrotransposon ?

A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of nucleic acid present in the nucleus of the cell. It is the…

Q: Where are microsatellites found?How are microsatellites detected?

A: Microsatellites are the simple sequence tandem repeats (STRs). They are short DNA sequence repeated…

Q: What is the utility of a reporter gene?

A: Introduction Reporter gene are the genes which helps in detection of transformant cell as their…

Q: What are Riboswitches ?

A: Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule that plays different types of roles in biology, including…

Q: Explain the process of converting the circular molecule into a linear vector ?

A: DNA is a double helical linear structure found in the eukaryotes. While plasmids are the circular…

Q: What is retrotransposons?

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that move from one location to…

Q: What is a riboswitch?

A: Before leaving the nucleus the pre-mRNA may go through a process called RNA splicing. During this…

Q: What are decapping enzymes ?

A: Introduction: Decapping is the process that includes the hydrolysis of the 5` cap structure from the…

Q: What is fusion mutation?

A: Introduction Mutation can be defined as the change in the DNA sequence or a structural change…

Q: To make Dolly the clone, they first isolated a cell from where?

A: Dolly ,a sheep created or made by the fusion of mammary gland nucleus to the enucleated egg cell of…

Q: What defines an open reading frame?

A: Molecular genetics concerns with the chemical nature of the gene itself such as encoding of genetic…

Q: What Creates an Epigenome ?

A: Introduction  Gene expression during the developmental phase can be regulated by several factors…

Q: What is countertransport?

A: Introduction  The cell is bounded by the membranous structure which don not allow the molecules to…

Q: Is a phage a bacteria?

A: The micro-organism is the organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. It is viewed by…

Q: What are symport with examples?

A: The movement of ions and molecules across the cell membranes or through the bloodstream is known as…

Q: . What is the full form of RFLP?

A: Restriction enzymes are the endonucleases that cleave DNA specific locations. random DNA mutations…

Q: What is the function of remodeling complexes?

A: Nucleosome is the packaging unit in eukaryotes. It is a fundamental subunit of chromatin.…

Q: How is the discovery of riboswitches relevant to bacterial pathology?

A: Riboswitches are the gene regulatory mRNA domains that respond to the intracellular concentration of…

Q: What is known as minisatellites ?

A: In biology, the genotype can be outlined as the genes collection of an individual. The expression of…

Q: What is vector control?

A: Humans are susceptible to a wide range of diseases, ranging from inheritance to trauma. The nurse is…

Q: why do RNA voruses recombine

A: Viruses contain a set of genes ( either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called capsid and…

Q: What must a vector contain?

A: Vector is a nucleic acid molecule containing Viral DNA or RNA and plasmid yeast or bacterial…

Q: What are a transcription unit?

A: Transcription is the cycle by which the data in a strand of DNA is duplicated into another molecule…

Q: How long is a guide RNA?

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymeric organic molecules, which are essential for carrying out various…

Q: what is simple  transposon?

A: Introduction: A transposon is a segment of DNA that possess the ability for transposition or move…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.