Refer to Thought Lab 3.2 on page 99 of the textbook to complete the questions What did the results of the study show?What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study? How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest? Thought Lab 3.2 Forest Habitat and Bird BiodiversityHow will communities of birds vary between a forestdominated by one tree species (a pure stand) and a forestwith a variety of tree species (a mixed stand)? This is aquestion that two biologists-Erin Bayne from the Universityof Alberta and Keith Hobson from the University ofSaskatchewan-examined in a study in Saskatchewan. Whatthey learned can be used to predict how future changes toboreal forests, particularly logging practices, might impactspecies of birds.In their study, Bayne and Hobson set up "count stations"in stands of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, and white spruce.They had stations in pure stands and in mixed stands. Forexample, for black spruce, they had study areas where over75% of the canopy (the "top" of the forest) was dominated byblack spruce (pure stands) and study areas where more than25% of the canopy was dominated by black spruce and oneor two other tree species (mixed stands). They used thefollowing protocols (procedural rules) in their study:• All count stations were at least 250 m apart.• All count stations were at least 100 m from the "edge" ofthe study area.• All birds that were heard or seen during a 10 min early-morning count were recorded.• Observers were tested beforehand to ensure that theyhad similar levels of expertise at identifying birds.• Counts were taken twice, in early and late June.• Observers counted at each station only once; for thesecond survey, a different observer was used.In this Thought Lab, you will interpret some of Bayneand Hobson's results, given in the following table.pure mixedTarget SkillsAnalyzing data to look for patternsbetween and among variablesEvaluating the impact of humanactivities on the biodiversity of anecosystem90ProcedureExamine the data in the table. Compare species richness andabundance in the eight sample sites. Species richness is thenumber of species. Abundance is the actual number ofindividual birds.Analysis1. In this study, what did the researchers find out about thespecies richness and abundance of bird communitieswhen they compared stands of trees with just a singletree species (pure stands) with stands with a variety oftree species (mixed stands)?2. Based on your understanding of habitats and niches,explain the researchers' results.3. Choose three of the protocols that the researchers used.Explain why each protocol resulted in a more accuratesurvey.4. How might a study such as this be helpful whenplanning how and where to harvest trees and whatto replant?Comparing Species Richness and Abundance in Pure and Mixed Stands of TreesSpecies of treeType of standblack sprucetrembling aspen white sprucejack pinepure mixed11puremixed puremixedJSpecies richness13 15182423Abundance56603976917194(Adapted from: Hobson and Bayne, 2000, Breeding Bird Communities in Boreal Forests of Western Canada)5. When fire burns through a forest on a regular basis, itburns in patches, rather than in a devastating way thatdestroys the entire forest. How does this type of periodicforest fire result in a diversity of habitats in a forest?Chapter 3 Ecosystems and Their Diversity MHR 99

Question

Refer to Thought Lab 3.2 on page 99 of the textbook to complete the questions What did the results of the study show?What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study? How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest? Thought Lab 3.2 Forest Habitat and Bird BiodiversityHow will communities of birds vary between a forestdominated by one tree species (a pure stand) and a forestwith a variety of tree species (a mixed stand)? This is aquestion that two biologists-Erin Bayne from the Universityof Alberta and Keith Hobson from the University ofSaskatchewan-examined in a study in Saskatchewan. Whatthey learned can be used to predict how future changes toboreal forests, particularly logging practices, might impactspecies of birds.In their study, Bayne and Hobson set up &#34;count stations&#34;in stands of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, and white spruce.They had stations in pure stands and in mixed stands. Forexample, for black spruce, they had study areas where over75% of the canopy (the &#34;top&#34; of the forest) was dominated byblack spruce (pure stands) and study areas where more than25% of the canopy was dominated by black spruce and oneor two other tree species (mixed stands). They used thefollowing protocols (procedural rules) in their study:• All count stations were at least 250 m apart.• All count stations were at least 100 m from the &#34;edge&#34; ofthe study area.• All birds that were heard or seen during a 10 min early-morning count were recorded.• Observers were tested beforehand to ensure that theyhad similar levels of expertise at identifying birds.• Counts were taken twice, in early and late June.• Observers counted at each station only once; for thesecond survey, a different observer was used.In this Thought Lab, you will interpret some of Bayneand Hobson's results, given in the following table.pure mixedTarget SkillsAnalyzing data to look for patternsbetween and among variablesEvaluating the impact of humanactivities on the biodiversity of anecosystem90ProcedureExamine the data in the table. Compare species richness andabundance in the eight sample sites. Species richness is thenumber of species. Abundance is the actual number ofindividual birds.Analysis1. In this study, what did the researchers find out about thespecies richness and abundance of bird communitieswhen they compared stands of trees with just a singletree species (pure stands) with stands with a variety oftree species (mixed stands)?2. Based on your understanding of habitats and niches,explain the researchers' results.3. Choose three of the protocols that the researchers used.Explain why each protocol resulted in a more accuratesurvey.4. How might a study such as this be helpful whenplanning how and where to harvest trees and whatto replant?Comparing Species Richness and Abundance in Pure and Mixed Stands of TreesSpecies of treeType of standblack sprucetrembling aspen white sprucejack pinepure mixed11puremixed puremixedJSpecies richness13 15182423Abundance56603976917194(Adapted from: Hobson and Bayne, 2000, Breeding Bird Communities in Boreal Forests of Western Canada)5. When fire burns through a forest on a regular basis, itburns in patches, rather than in a devastating way thatdestroys the entire forest. How does this type of periodicforest fire result in a diversity of habitats in a forest?Chapter 3 Ecosystems and Their Diversity MHR 99

Accepted Answer

Introduction
Species diversity refers to the different species that are found in a given community.…

What did the results of the study show? What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study? How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest?