What does a bacteriophage accomplish with lysogeny? 1) it allows the bacteriophage to destroy the host cell's DNA. 2) it enables the bacteriophage to take over the cell. 3) it speeds up the viral infection cycle. 4) it allows the bacteriophage to infect cells it would not normally infect. 5) the genetic material of the bacteriophage can be passed on to future generations of infected cells.

Q: What are retroviruses? How do they reproduce and what is the role of the enzyme reverse…

A: Viruses are simpler in structure and composition. They are made up of nucleic acids and proteins.…

Q: What is a nucleocapsid? Give examples of viruses with the twocapsid types.

A: Capsid refers to the protective covering of a virus made up of protomers. Protomers are the…

Q: How do bacteriophages benefit and harm human hosts?

A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…

Q: As a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason…

A: The first macromolecule to act as genetic material in a living organism was RNA. During the course…

Q: Which of the following human diseases is caused by a virus that requires reverse transcriptase to…

A: The virus is the connecting link between living and non living. Most of the animal viruses are RNA…

Q: What are retrovirus-like elements?

A: Retrovirus-like elements include retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing…

Q: Why are retroviruses important?

A: A virus is composed not of DNA but of RNA. Retroviruses have an enzyme, called reverse…

Q: What are retroviruses?

A: Viruses are simpler in structure and composition. They are made up of nucleic acids and proteins.…

Q: Which type of phages can perform   specialized  transduction?

A: Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into the cell by a suitable virus or…

Q: Which of the following is a known characteristic that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses?…

A: viruses need host cell machinery to replicate themselves.

Q: Which type of phages can perform   generalized transduction?

A: Zinder and Lederberg in 1952 discovered Transduction in S.typhimurum. The phage which mediated DNA…

Q: How does a retrovirus prepare its genetic material for incorporation into the host cell genome?   a.…

A: Retrovirus enters the host cell through the attachment of their surface proteins. Retrovirus is an…

Q: What is meant by the term emerging virus?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside the host cells. They can infect all…

Q: What is a latent animal virus?

A: VIRUS: A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or reproduce apart from a…

Q: Which of the following self-replicating biological agents carries only one polynucleotide chain as…

A: Viruses are the microscopic organisms that cause infectious diseases to the living organisms. They…

Q: What do you mean by provirus?

A: Viruses are infectious agents that are non-cellular and composed of genetic material covered by a…

Q: What nucleic acid makes up this viral genome?

A: The virus life cycle divided into six steps that isattachment, penetration, uncoating, gene…

Q: What is unique about Z-DNA that might make it a specific target during viral infection?

A: Z-DNA is a type of double-helical structure of DNA. It shows a left-handed double helical structure…

Q: What do you think is the reason why this virus undergoes mutation?

A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only within an organism's live cells.…

Q: How does the wavelength of light relate to its energy? What are the two main types of viral…

A: The sun is the ultimate source of energy. Sunlight consist of many waves of lights having different…

Q: Can phage kill virus?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: Why is it necessary for some ssDNA viruses to manufacture a replicative form?

A: A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are comprised of DNA…

Q: Assume you isolate a single stranded (+) RNA virus. When you examine the proteins in the virus, you…

A: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase  or RNA polymerase or replicase  is an enzyme that catalyzes the…

Q: What is the genetic material of a virus?

A: The genetic material is the term given to the most important and fundamental material of the cell or…

Q: What is an example of a Lysogenic virus?

A: Bacteriphage have two types of cycle. Lytic cycle- It involves replication of virus using host cell…

Q: What is unique about the life cycle of a retrovirus?

A: A virus is a microscopic parasite that can replicate and reproduce only inside living cells. The…

Q: What is the significance of the length of a typical viral genome?

A: A virus refers to an infectious particle which can infect a variety of host including humans,…

Q: Which viruses are retroviruses?

A: Viruses are infectious biological agents that are alive only when they are present inside the cell…

Q: Which of the following self-replicating biological agents carries only one polynucleotide chain as…

A: The virus is an obligate parasite they contain either RNA or DNA as their genetic material.…

Q: What enzyme is used by a retrovirus to make a DNA copy of its genome?

A: Viral genomes are very diverse, since they can be DNA or RNA, double- or single-stranded, circular…

Q: How might genes, such as those responsible for drug resistance, be transferred between bacterial…

A: According to the question, we have to explain the process by which the genes, responsible for drug…

Q: Reverse transcriptase would most likely be found in which of the following types of viruses? an…

A: All organisms have genetic meterial, which is transfer in the next generation. There are mainly two…

Q: How is host cell lysis triggered after bacteriophage invasion? What are the outcomes to bacterial…

A: Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates bacteria and archaea. Bacteriophage comprises…

Q: According to Philip Bell’s viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis, genes for DNA replication, RNA…

A: DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein translation, and histone proteins are the terms related…

Q: Rotavirus, a disease-causing member of the Reovirus family (with double-stranded RNA, but no DNA),…

A: Rotaviruses are members of Reoviridae family. They are nonenveloped particles. Rotaviruses causes…

Q: Explain Packaging recombinant DNAs into retrovirus particles?

A: Answer: Introduction: A retrovirus consists of RNA as a genetic material, it is inserted in to the…

Q: What causes influenza viruses to change through time?

A: Influenza is a "viral infection" that mainly affects the respiratory system of an individual. Mainly…

Q: Why do bacterial viruses often inject their DNA directly into the cell?

A: The bacterial viruses are virus that infects the animal, plant, and unicellular organisms.

Q: Which type of virus must contain an RNA replicase packaged in the viral particle in order to carry…

A: A virus is a small collection of genetic code, it can be  DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat…

Q: Can a bacteriophage infect a human?

A: The micro-organism is the organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. It is viewed by…

Q: What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?     converts host cell RNA into…

A: Retroviruses are single stranded RNA virus which used RNA as its genetic material.

Q: Differentiate a segmented genome from the genome of a retrovirus

A: Viruses are particles composed of capsid and genome.

Q: If a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present on a lawn of bacteria and, upon lysis,…

A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They are made of nucleic acid enclosed within the…

Q: How do retroviruses use the enzyme reverse transcriptase?

A: Retroviruses are the virus that contain RNA as its genetic material. Examples are HIV, HTV, Murine…

Q: Who discovered retrovirus?

A: Introduction Retroviruses are the group of viruses which have RNA based genome and have a crucial…

Q: Why is it easier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus?

A: Viruses are ceaselessly changing because of hereditary determination. They go through hereditary…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.