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- What is the difference between a true pathogen and an opportunisticpathogen?a. True pathogens cause a disease in the presence of immunosuppressionwhereas opportunistic pathogens do not.b. Opportunistic pathogens develop virulence properties whereas truepathogens do not. c. The diseases associated with true pathogens may vary in presentationranging from mild to severe infections whereas opportunistic pathogensalways present in severe form.d. True pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals whereasopportunistic pathogens typically cause disease in clients who areimmunocompromised.Which stage of HIV infection does the immune system function most closely to normal? A) Attachment B) Asymptomatic C) AIDS D) Symptomatic E) AcuteWhich of the following best explains why vaccination of humans against rabies can be delayed until after exposure to a potential source of infection? A) Antibody responses are more rapid than those against other viruses B) T lymphocyte responses are more rapid than those against other viruses C) The virus does not infect any cells for several weeks or months D) The virus does not reach i target organ for several weeks or months
- According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: A. Prepathogenesis B. Pathogenesis C. Primogenesis D. B and CSelect all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…Which of the following pairs id mismatched? A. Virologist – studies human immunodeficiency virus B. Microbial ecologist – studies bacteria that degrade oil C. Microbial physiologist – studies fermentation of sourdough bread D. Immunologist – studies ecology of Legionella pneumophilia Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Chemotheraphy – treatment of disease B. Pathogen – disease causing C. Vaccine - preparation of microorganisms D. Normal microbiota – harmful
- Which factors would promote progression of an infection? Select all that apply. a. low microbial virulence b. increased percentage of optimal infectious dose c. correct portal of entry d. genetic profi le of host resistance to microbe e. no previous exposure to this infection f. decreased level of overall health59. Which of the following are exposures associated with a disease and certain health outcomes such asmorbidity, mortality and disabilities?A. Host factors B. Mode oftransmission C. ReservoirD. Risk factors 60. Which of the following refers to the period or time that passes between being exposed and manifesting thedisease via signs and symptoms?A. Communicability periodB. Latency period C. Promotion periodD. Resting periodThe high degree of mutation in HIV, the accumulation of variant viruses, and the development of resistance to drug regimes are attributed to _____. a. antigenic shift b. gene conversion c. absence of proofreading capability of reverse transcriptase d. antigenic variation of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) e. mutation of HIV RNA genome by host-cell RNA polymerase.
- Which one of the following most correctly describes vaccines containing live, attenuated pathogens? A.They are administered by injection. B.They provide little cell-mediated immunity. C.There is no possibility for reversion to pathogenic form. D.Pathogen does not multiply in human hosts E.They provide extended, sometimes life-long immunity.Antigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dra-matic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise fromrare events in which:(a) Two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the sametime(b) Two separate viruses undergo lysogenic conversion(c) Two viruses conjugate(d) Mutations accumulate(e) All of the abovea. What specific host defenses do immunodeficient, cancer, andAIDS patients lack that make them so susceptible to the viraldiseases in this chapter?b. Given the ubiquity of most of these viruses, what can health careworkers do to prevent transmission of infection to other patientsand themselves?