When a slug of tracer is injected into a cascade of CFSTRS, a maximum value of Cr occurs at t> 0 for all reactors except the first. Determine the time when the peak occurs in the nth reactor in terms of 0.
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- Three CSTRs are to be used in series. The second reactor has a volume twice that of the first and third reactors. The influent flow has a concentration of 150 mg/L of TOC, and the flowrate is 100 gal/min (380 l/min). The reaction is first order, the rate constant is 0.4/hr.a. Determine the mean residence time and volume of each reactor if theremoval or conversion of TOC is 90% (for the entire system as a whole).b. What is the concentration of TOC in each reactor? c. What is the overall efficiency of this treatment process?(a) Prove that for a first order decay reaction (k1= 2 days-1) taking place in reactors of identical size at steady state, it does not matter if you use a CMFR followed by a PFR or a PFR followed by a CMFR (i.e. show that the final treated effluent concentration, in mg/L, is approx. the same in each scenario). Assume the volume of each reactor is 15 L and the reactors in series will be used to treat a wastewater containing 5 mg/L of contaminant “C” at a flowrate of 10 L/day. (b) Does this remain true if a second order decay reaction was taking place? If not, which sequence of reactors is more efficient (i.e. removes more of the contaminant)? Assume the same reactor volumes, flow rate and contaminant concentration as in part (a), and k2 = 2 Lmg-1day-1 . You must show your derivation of the expression for a PFR with 2nd order decay.A CMFR is working at a steady state. The volume of the reactor and flow rate are 10m3 and 2.5m3/h respectively. The influent pollutant concentration is 10mg/L. Calculate the pollutant concentration in the reactor when the pollutant is going first order decay with reaction rate constant k=0.3/h
- Environmental Engineering: A reaction takes place in aqueous solution and is first order. The required degree of conversion is 99% and this takes place in 10 minutes in a batch experiment. a. What would the necessary detention time be in a CSTR? b. What would be the necessary detention time to achieve 99% conversion in a CSTR system using two equal tanks in series?Environmental Engineering: Three (3) continuously stirred tank reactors are to be used in series. All the reactors have a similar volume. The influent flow has a concentration 100 mg/L of A and a flow rate of 200 l/min. The reaction is first order and the rate constant is 0.30 hr-1. Using the given information: a. Determine the mean residence time and volume of each reactor if the removal or conversion of A is 90%. b. What are the concentrations of A and the rate of conversion in each reactor?Calculate the percent volatility of the solids given that an empty container weighs 15.7g. A sample from the aeration tank is put in the container. At temperature 104 degC , the container now weighs 21.2211g. It was further heated in a furnace with a temperature of 540degC and gained a constant weight of 20.5057.
- Environmental Engineering: Water Treatment Please consider each of the following points: a. Determine the required residence time for each reactor of 3 equal volume CSTRs in series given a zero-order reaction with a reaction rate constant, k = -5 mg/L hr. The influent concentration is 125 mg/L and 95% conversion is required across the three-reactor system. What is the total reactor system residence time? b. Determine the required residence time for a single CSTR given the same conditions. c. Determine the required residence time for a PFR given the same conditions. d. Why are all three residence time the same?Dairy wastewater is treated in a series of CSTRs. The initial concentration of complex organics in the wastewater is 1500 mg/L.The first order rate coefficient is 0.45 d–1. Detention time in eachreactor is 1.5 d. If two reactors are used in series, calculate thefinal effluent concentration of the organic matter. What is theconversion efficiency?A Haldane modification of the Monod reaction is often used to describe the kinetics of substrate utilization when the substrate itself is toxic at high concentrations (phenol is an example of this). (1) Calculate the effluent concentration for a substrate exhibiting Haldane kinetics from a CSTR (continuously stirred tank reactor) and (2) compare this with the value if the substrate were not inhibitory (S2/Ki = 0) for the following conditions: V = 24 m3 Q = 9 m3/d S0 = 400 mg/L Y = 0.5 mg/mg q = 7.5 g/g•d K = 7 mg/L b = 0.1 d-1 Ki = 15 mg/L Hint: θx = (active biomass in the system)/(production rate of active biomass) = V/Q And 1/θx = (YqS)/(K + S + S2/Ki) – b
- An industry is planning to use a 250 m3 bioreactor to treat 400 m3/day of wastewater containing 80 mg/L of benzene (CsHe). Benzene is expected to degrade by microbial action in a completely-mixed reactor (CSTR) with a first-order degradation rate coefficient of 5.0/ day a. Write a balanced reaction for the complete oxidation of benzene to carbon dioxide and water. b. Draw a diagram and write a mass balance equation for benzene in the tank reactor. c. Assuming steady-state conditions, determine the concentration of benzene in the outflow d Determine the mass of benzene that comes into the reactor each day, the mass of benzene that goes out of the reactor each day, and the mass of benzene that is degraded each day. e. Calculate the percent removal. If air is com bubbled oxygen transfer efficiency is equal to 15%. posed of 21 percent oxygen, estimate the volume of air that would have to be through the reactor each day. Assume the air temperature is 25°C and that the Ans: c) 19.4 mg/L d)…An ideal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) has an influent containing Chemical X at a concentration of 150 mg/l and a flow rate of 100 gpm (380 liters/min). Chemical X undergoes a first-order decay reaction having k = 0.40 hr –1 . Determine: 1a. The required detention time and volume of the CSTR if the effluent concentration contains 20 mg/l of Chemical X. Express the volume in both gallons and liters. 1b. Use a spreadsheet to perform the necessary calculations and then use the spreadsheet's graphing tools to plot two graphs; i. Pollutant removal efficiency, 1e, on the vertical or y-axis versus hydraulic detention time on the horizontal or x-axis. ii. Effluent concentration, CX1 , on the vertical or y-axis versus hydraulic detention time on horizontal or x-axis. Analyze and comment on the significance of the graphs. 1c. How many times larger must a CSTR be than a PFR to achieve 80 percent pollutant removal or conversion? 1d. How many times larger must a CSTR be than a PFR to…A batch reactor is to be used to treat raw water to achieve 95% pollutant removal. The pollutant has a second-order reaction rate constant of 0.35 L/(mg.day), what is the required residence time of water in the batch reactor, in days?