When did Native people begin to be considered a special race? Back in America there could be no time forsuch ambiguity. Slavery was into its secondgeneration. The slaves were becoming Christianized,and as Christians, they were demanding, andsometimes winning their freedom in colonial courts.A Maryland law of 1664 was first to put anend to this. It required all "Negroes" to serve lifetimebondage, baptized or not. Three years later theVirginia Assembly proclaimed, "that the conferringof baptism doth not alter the condition of a person asto his bondage or freedom." Finally, a 1682 Virginiaenactment "made slaves of all those arriving whoseparentage and native country are not Christian atthe time of their first purchase... From this point on,heathen descent rather than actual heathenism wasthe legal basis for slavery in Virginia." (Fredrickson,1981, р 78)Keeping the slaves on the plantations was notthe only motivation for the developing ideas of race.In America white indentured servants were oftenlittle better off than slaves. Many had been vagrantsor poor children gathered up by the hundreds inEnglish cities and shipped off to Virginia to work.Others were convicts. Ireland was another majorsource of "bond labour." In 1652 the English Houseof Commons provided for "the transporting out ofIreland into foreign parts, such of the Irish as theyshall think fit." It was a period of "licensedkidnapping on a large scale, with the magistratesand officers of the law actively conniving at it."(Allen, 1994, p 74)Once they arrived, these "servants" were soldto masters to pay for their passage. Once sold theycould not marry without their master's permission.ey could be separated from their families. Theycould be whipped for various offenses. Laws werepassed calling for the capture and return of runawayservants.The nightmare of the colonial elite, so farfrom the mother country, was that the slaves andpoor servants might combine and rebel. Thatnightmare was realized in 1676 in Bacon's Rebellion,when white frontiersmen along with slaves andservants burned the Virginia capital of Jamestownand put the governor to flight. The rebellion was onlyput down after 1000 fresh soldiers arrived fromEngland. (Zinn, 1980, p 39) As the influx of American gold and silver gaveEurope the boost it needed to dominate world trade,the trans Atlantic slave trade and the slave-basedplantation economies of America became thecornerstone of the developing European economy.But the atrocities of the slave trade ran headfirst intoChristian sensibilities. Such slavery also sat uneasilywith Christian doctrine about the essential unity ofhumankind.Christian Europe had usually explained thedifferences between "savages" and "civilized" peoplewith the theory of degeneration. After the flood, thetheory went, Noah's children went off to populatethe world. In their wanderings many forgot aboutGod and degenerated into savagery. But all humanbeings were people, descended from the samefather, and all could therefore be Christianized andcivilized. How then could continued enslavement bejustified once slaves were no longer "heathen" or"savage"?" Unless perhaps they were a different kindof people.But how could there be different kinds ofpeople if we were all the descendants of Adam andEve, and, even more recently, of the family of Noahwho were the only people thought to have survivedthe flood. Creation was estimated to have takenplace about 4000 BC and the flood about 2000 BC. Itfollowed that all people on earth were therefore veryclosely related.Shakespeare's Othello written in the early1600's suggests the changing and confused attitudestoward Africans in British society at the time. On theone hand Othello, who is black, is portrayed as "of aconstant loving noble nature," and this mightygeneral of the armies of the Republic of Venice bothcommands "white" soldiers and is married to a"white" woman, a situation which would beunthinkable in European literature of a later period.On the other hand, his enemy, the traitorous Iago,uses Othello's features and skin colour to degradehim as he carries out his schemes. (Davidsonp 24)Back in America there could be no time forSuch anmbiguity Slavery was into its second

Question

When did Native people begin to be considered a special race? Back in America there could be no time forsuch ambiguity. Slavery was into its secondgeneration. The slaves were becoming Christianized,and as Christians, they were demanding, andsometimes winning their freedom in colonial courts.A Maryland law of 1664 was first to put anend to this. It required all &#34;Negroes&#34; to serve lifetimebondage, baptized or not. Three years later theVirginia Assembly proclaimed, &#34;that the conferringof baptism doth not alter the condition of a person asto his bondage or freedom.&#34; Finally, a 1682 Virginiaenactment &#34;made slaves of all those arriving whoseparentage and native country are not Christian atthe time of their first purchase... From this point on,heathen descent rather than actual heathenism wasthe legal basis for slavery in Virginia.&#34; (Fredrickson,1981, р 78)Keeping the slaves on the plantations was notthe only motivation for the developing ideas of race.In America white indentured servants were oftenlittle better off than slaves. Many had been vagrantsor poor children gathered up by the hundreds inEnglish cities and shipped off to Virginia to work.Others were convicts. Ireland was another majorsource of &#34;bond labour.&#34; In 1652 the English Houseof Commons provided for &#34;the transporting out ofIreland into foreign parts, such of the Irish as theyshall think fit.&#34; It was a period of &#34;licensedkidnapping on a large scale, with the magistratesand officers of the law actively conniving at it.&#34;(Allen, 1994, p 74)Once they arrived, these &#34;servants&#34; were soldto masters to pay for their passage. Once sold theycould not marry without their master's permission.ey could be separated from their families. Theycould be whipped for various offenses. Laws werepassed calling for the capture and return of runawayservants.The nightmare of the colonial elite, so farfrom the mother country, was that the slaves andpoor servants might combine and rebel. Thatnightmare was realized in 1676 in Bacon's Rebellion,when white frontiersmen along with slaves andservants burned the Virginia capital of Jamestownand put the governor to flight. The rebellion was onlyput down after 1000 fresh soldiers arrived fromEngland. (Zinn, 1980, p 39) As the influx of American gold and silver gaveEurope the boost it needed to dominate world trade,the trans Atlantic slave trade and the slave-basedplantation economies of America became thecornerstone of the developing European economy.But the atrocities of the slave trade ran headfirst intoChristian sensibilities. Such slavery also sat uneasilywith Christian doctrine about the essential unity ofhumankind.Christian Europe had usually explained thedifferences between &#34;savages&#34; and &#34;civilized&#34; peoplewith the theory of degeneration. After the flood, thetheory went, Noah's children went off to populatethe world. In their wanderings many forgot aboutGod and degenerated into savagery. But all humanbeings were people, descended from the samefather, and all could therefore be Christianized andcivilized. How then could continued enslavement bejustified once slaves were no longer &#34;heathen&#34; or&#34;savage&#34;?&#34; Unless perhaps they were a different kindof people.But how could there be different kinds ofpeople if we were all the descendants of Adam andEve, and, even more recently, of the family of Noahwho were the only people thought to have survivedthe flood. Creation was estimated to have takenplace about 4000 BC and the flood about 2000 BC. Itfollowed that all people on earth were therefore veryclosely related.Shakespeare's Othello written in the early1600's suggests the changing and confused attitudestoward Africans in British society at the time. On theone hand Othello, who is black, is portrayed as &#34;of aconstant loving noble nature,&#34; and this mightygeneral of the armies of the Republic of Venice bothcommands &#34;white&#34; soldiers and is married to a&#34;white&#34; woman, a situation which would beunthinkable in European literature of a later period.On the other hand, his enemy, the traitorous Iago,uses Othello's features and skin colour to degradehim as he carries out his schemes. (Davidsonp 24)Back in America there could be no time forSuch anmbiguity Slavery was into its second

Accepted Answer

The civil rights of minorities was the movement for the social justice of Native Americans. It was a…