Where are proton gradients formed? Within what structures are they seen in chloroplasts How do the structures help them to maintain a gradient?
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For the following questions, choose one to discuss: chloroplast/photosynthesis State at the outset which one you will discuss.
A) What role do proton gradients play in the process of photosynthesis proton gradients allow
B) Where are proton gradients formed? Within what structures are they seen in chloroplasts How do the structures help them to maintain a gradient?
C) Explain where and how the chloroplast or mitochondria uses passive transport and active transport to complete photosynthesis or
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- What is the overall purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis? Why doesn't that equation clearly show the real origin of the molecular oxygen liberated?Eukaryotic chloroplasts generate exactly how many product molecules, in their consumption of six substrate carbon dioxide molecules and twelve water molecules, during oxygenic photosynthesis? twelve C6H12O6 molecules, six H2O molecules, and three CO2 molecules are produced one C6H12O6 molecule, six H2O molecules, and six O2 molecules are produced six C6H12O6 molecules, three H2O molecules, and six CO2 molecules are produced twelve H2O molecules and six O2 molecules are produced six H2O molecules and twelve CO2 molecules are produced
- Where is the electrochemical gradient located in the chloroplast? Why is it important? Why are the Light Independent Reactions important? Name the 3 stages of the Calvin Cycle? What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate, RUBISCO, glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate in the Calvin Cycle? How much energy is utilized? What is Carbon Fixation? What is Photorespiration? Why is it wasteful? Why are some plants called C4 plants and why are they important? How have they adapted to unfavorable climatic conditions? How do the activities of C4 plants compare with the activities of CAM plants?DRAW a curved arrow mechanism for photosynthesis with the following steps. Step 1: Absorption of sunlight and excitation of chlorophyll molecules Step 2: Transfer of energy to reaction center chlorophylls, which lose an electron and become oxidized. Step 3: Electron transfer from oxidized chlorophylls to an electron acceptor, such as a quinone molecule Step 4: Electron transfer from the quinone molecule to a chain of electron carriers, such as cytochromes, which generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane Step 5: ATP synthesis by ATP synthase using the energy of the proton gradient. Step 6: Transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to the enzyme rubisco, which catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) with CO2, forming an unstable 6-carbon intermediate. Step 7: Cleavage of the 6-carbon intermediate into two 3-carbon molecules, which are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Step 8: Conversion of G3P to…Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma but the photosystems and membrane proteins of the electron transport chain are unharmed. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
- • Describe the differences in color between the leaf which was fully exposed to sunlight and the one which was covered with black paper. • Where do the protons used in the light reactions come from? • What is the significance of light reaction? • What are the products of light reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle? • What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?Compare photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. How is chemiosmosis in chloroplasts different from chemiosmosis in mitochondria? a. Chemiosmosis is used in chloroplasts to transfer chemical energy from organic molecules to ATP. b. In mitochondria, light is transformed into ATP using photosystems I and II. c. Chemiosmosis in mitochondria occurs across an intra-organelle membrane, where it does not in chloroplasts. d. In chloroplasts, the high-energy electrons come from water.What cellular features and processes are similar in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Both processes are contained in organelles with single membranes, and both use a version of the cytochrome complex. Both processes are contained in organelles with double membranes, and neither use a version of the cytochrome complex. Both processes are contained in organelles with double membranes, and use a version of the cytochrome complex. Both processes are contained in organelles with single membranes, and neither use a version of the cytochrome complex.
- What is the significance that the combined absorption spectra of chlorophylls a and b roughly match the action spectrum of photosynthesis? Wouldphotosynthesis be more efficient if their individual absorption spectra coincided exactly?In terms of the spatial organization of photosynthesis within the chloroplast, what is the advantage of the light reactions producing NADPH and ATP on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane?What are the two places where light energy is required in the light reaction of photosynthesis? Why must energy be supplied at precisely these points?
