Which of the following best describes the reason that the B cell receptor cannot transduce signals to the inside the cell once it binds antigen? A. The receptor requires twice the amount of antigen to be activated because it contains two sites. antigen binding b. lga is rapidly dephosphorylated c. The cytoplasmic domain of the receptor consists of 3 amino acids. d. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are inflexible molecules

Which of the following best describes the reason that the B cell receptor cannot transduce signals to the inside the cell once it binds antigen? A. The receptor requires twice the amount of antigen to be activated because it contains two sites. antigen binding b. lga is rapidly dephosphorylated c. The cytoplasmic domain of the receptor consists of 3 amino acids. d. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are inflexible molecules

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TYK

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41) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that A) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. D) the pathogen has only one epitope. E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 42) In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as A) an allergy. B) an immunodeficiency. C) an autoimmune disease. D) an antigenic variation. E) a cancer.
Superantigensa) are exceptionally large antigen molecules.b) cause a very large antibody response.c) elicit a response from a large number of T cells.d) attach non-specifically to B-cell receptors.e) assist in a protective immune response.
1. How does the thymus help the body avoid autoimmune responses? (A) By negatively selecting T cells with receptors that bind to peptide-MHC complexes with high affinity. (B) By positively selecting T cells with receptors that only recognize self peptides. (C) By facilitating cell signaling between T cell surface receptors and antigens in the thymic capsule. (D) By using clonal deletion to eliminate antigen-presenting cells that have low affinity for T cells receptors. 2. Functions of the innate immune system include all of these EXCEPT: (A) to eliminate pathogens directly. (B) to mediate the inflammatory response. (C) to activate the adaptive immune system. (D) All of these are functions of the innate immune system.
A primary difference between how B cells recognize antigen and how T cells recognize antigen is that a. T-cell receptors can bind antigen only after secretion of the T-cell receptor from the surface of the T cell b. antibodies can bind only to denatured proteins c. T-cell receptors can bind to carbohydrate groups or clusters of amino acids d. B cells recognize degraded proteins bound to major histocompatibility molecules e. T cells recognize degraded proteins bound to major histocompatibility molecules.
Which of the following statements best explains why the immune system can continue to make antibodies after treatment with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab? a. New CD20-positive B cells are reconstituted so quickly that antibody concentration during and after treatment is unaffected. b. Rituximab stimulates B-cell proliferation, so for a short while after its administration there is actually an increase in antibody concentration. c. Rituximab is a mouse monoclonal antibody and therefore its Fc region is unable to bind to the surface d. Plasma cells do not express CD20 on their cell surface, and antibody production by these cells continues unhampered. e. Rituximab stimulates anti-antibody production, leading to its rapid clearance by the body.
Describe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context of using humanized monoclonal antibodies for tumor killing.
All of the following statements regarding immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are true except a. Non-B cells retain their chromatin containing the immunoglobulin loci in a ‘closed’ configuration. b. T-cells never transcribe immunoglobulin genes. c. There is only one promoter on the heavy-chain locus that is 5ʹ of the V segments. d. Pax-5, a transcription factor, interacts with enhancer sequences positioned 3ʹ of the heavy-chain C-region genes. e. Transcription of immunoglobulin loci precedes gene rearrangement.
DRAW IT Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the Vand C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label theantigen-binding sites, disulfide bridges, and transmembrane region. Where are these features located relativeto the V and C regions?
46) FcRn are essential for: a) reducing immune inflammation after acute infection b) increasing mast cell activation c) camel immune homeostasis d) absorption of IgG by infants e) none of these 47) An example of a live attenuated viral vaccine currently produced is: a) HIV b) Anthrax c) Polio d) cholera e) all of these 48) C8 is consider: a) an essential early protein in the complement cascade b) an essential late protein in the complement cascade c) an optional early protein in the complement cascade d) an optional late protein in the complement cascade e) more than one of these 49) Mycobacterium often escape CMI by: a) inhibiting TAP b) producing IL-10 c) inhibiting MHC class I production d) destroying NK cells e) inhibiting phagolysosome fusion 50) IL-4 is essential for B cells to switch to: a) IgA b) IgG c) laE d) IgD e) IgM
1. The laboratory scientist who reviews the marrow reports that the bone marrow is overridden with plasma cells—so much so that clusters of plasma cells can be seen. What is the function of plasma cells? Explain with no more than 3-6 sentences. A). To present foreign antigens to immune cells B). To directly attack foreign cells when foreign antigens are recognized. C). To phagocytize cells with foreign antigens. D). To produce immunoglobulins specific to foreign antigens presented by T helper cells. 2. Immunoglobulins are made mainly of what substance? Explain. A). Carbohydrate B). Lipid C). Protein
Explain each of the ways that the immune system has a mechanism of control in the development and function of B cells. What are the ramifications if these control mechanisms are not in place? What control mechanism do you feel is the most important to the development and function of B cells?
a. Define epitope; compare polyclonal antibodies to monoclonal antibodies. b. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antigen. c. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antibody.