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- Think of at least five examples EACH of a REVERSIBLE and IRREVERSIBLE process that is evident in everyday life. Provide a short Explanation of each examples.In the first case, there is 5 kg of water at 300 kPa (3 bar) pressure and 60% dryness in a closed container whose volume does not change. Heat transfer is performed until the closed container water reaches a pressure value of 1 MPa. The limit temperature of the closed container will be 300◦C.Note: Changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.P0 = 100 kPa, T0 = 25 ◦C and T (K) = 273.15 + ◦Ca) Find the heat transfer to the sealed container.b) Find the exergy that disappears during the process.10 kg/s of steam (H2O) enters a turbine at 10 m/s and a specific enthalpy of 3500 kJ/kg and leaves at an outlet 10m below the inlet with a specific enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg and a velocity of 20 m/s. Assume steady-state steady-flow. If the heat lost from the turbine is 20% that of the turbine work, determine a.) the turbine horsepower. If the turbine is coupled to a generator with a 90% electrical efficiency, and the turbine horsepower has an 80% mechanical efficiency, b.) how much income will a power plant generate in one year if the electrical energy is sold at PhP 3.51 per kW-hr? (Hint: Mechanical efficiency = actual turbine work / ideal turbine work. Electrical efficiency of a generator = electrical output / actual turbine work.)
- Define the THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY?2.1 Taking the recent World Energy Council and United Nations resource-base figures forthe total amount of fossil energy in the ground worldwide as 356,000 quads, how longwill it take to exhaust our fossil resources, assuming that we can recover one-half of theresource base and that usage grows at 3% per year? The world currently consumes about400 quads of primary energy per year, of which 85% is from fossil sources. (Hint: youwill need to account for the compounding, exponential growth effect of the 3% per yearincrease in consumption.)Two reversible cycles are in series, each process doing the same net work, Wcycle. The first cycle receives energy QH by heat transfer from a hot reservoir at 1000°R and energy Q is reinjected by heat transfer to a reservoir at an intermediate temperature, T. The second cycle receives energy Q by heat transfer from the reservoir at temperature T and reinjects the QC energy by heat transfer to the reservoir at a temperature of 400°R. All energy transferred is positive in the direction of the arrow. Determine: a) the intermediate temperature T, in °R, and the thermal efficiency for each of the two cycles; b) the thermal efficiency of a simple reversible cycle operating between the hot and cold reservoirs at 1000°R and 400°C, respectively. Then determine the net work done by the simple cycle, expressed in terms of the net work done by each of the two cycles, Wcycle.
- How to define reversible process and irreversible processes.Bernoulli's principle is an example of which law of thermodynamics. Explain why?A 40-lb aluminum bar, initially at Ta = 150oF, is placed in a tank together with 190 lb of liquid water, initially at Tw = 70oF, and allowed to achieve thermal equilibrium. The aluminum bar and water can be modeled as incompressible with specific heats ca = 0.216 Btu/lb·oR and cw = 0.998 Btu/lb·oR, respectively. Consider the aluminum bar and water as the system and ignore heat transfer between the system and its surroundings. Determine the final temperature Tf, in oF, and the amount of entropy produced within the tank, in Btu/oR.
- THERMOFLUID Consider a gas undergoing a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes from an initial state at P1 = 100 kPa , V1 = 0.81 m3. Process 1 - 2 : constant pressure compression work of 65 kJ,Process 2 – 3 : constant volume heating of 2600 kJ, andProcess 3 – 1 : isothermal expansion. a) Sketch the cycle on a clearly labelled P-V diagram and write appropriate First Law equations for all the three processes. Neglect the changes in kinetic energy and potential energy.THERMOFLUID Consider a gas undergoing a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes from an initial state at P1 = 100 kPa , V1 = 0.81 m3.Process 1 - 2 : constant pressure compression work of 65 kJ,Process 2 – 3 : constant volume heating of 2600 kJ, andProcess 3 – 1 : isothermal expansion. a) Sketch the cycle on a clearly labelled P-V diagram and write appropriate First Law equations for all the three processes. Neglect the changes in kinetic energy and potential energy. b) Determine the:i. volume at the end of constant pressure compression, ii. net work for the thermodynamic cycle, and iii. heat transfer during constant pressure compression.Q15: Oxygen (molecular weight 32) is compressed reversibly and polytropically in a cylinder from 1.05 bar, 15°C to 4.2 bar in such a way that one-third of the work input is rejected as heat to the cylinder walls. Calculate the final temperature of the oxygen. Assume oxygen to be a perfect gas and take mathcal C V=0.649 kJ/kg K K.