Why does enzyme x catalyze the formation of the phosphodiester bond and please explain how nucleas recognizes phospjodiester bonds
Q: In the image attached, there are 4 nitrogenous bases plus ribose used to generate strands of DNA.…
A: Note: As per the authoring guidelines solving only the first question (A). Repost all others,…
Q: Snake venom phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes nucleotides from the 3' end of any oligonucleotide and…
A: The monomeric units of nucleic acids are called nucleotides. Nucleotides are generally…
Q: Determine the origin of the pyrimidine ring's atoms.
A: Pyrimidine derivatives, most notably the three nitrogenous bases that, along with the two purines,…
Q: Two sugars are epimers of each other. Is it possible to convert one to the other without breaking…
A: Epimers are carbohydrates that are the same molecular formula but differ in the configuration of a…
Q: What is the difference between a deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) and a dideoxynucleotide…
A: dNTPs are also called deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate. Each dNTPs are made up of a phosphate group,…
Q: 12. RNase A is a ribonuclease enzyme that degrades single stranded RNA. There are three key amino…
A: RNaseA catalysis is a typical example of acid base catalysis. Histidine is a common amino acid in…
Q: Would the side chains in the Leu-Thr-Met-Val-Trp-Gly-Pro of a polypeptide be located on the interior…
A: 1.Amino acids that are hydrophobic (water-fearing) in nature are mostly found interior of the…
Q: Why is sucrose a non-reducing sugar with Benedict’s solution while lactose is a reducing sugar under…
A: Benedict's reagent is a chemical reagent Sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper sulfate…
Q: What is the difference between a heteroglycan and ahomoglycan? Give examples.
A: glycan means a polysaccharides
Q: A homopolymer of histidine (polyhistidine) adopts an alpha helix structure at pH 9 but is unfolded…
A: Amino acids combine together to form proteins and thus are the basic blocks that build up the body.…
Q: In N-linked glycoproteins, the sugar is usually attached to the protein by a bond to the N atom in a…
A: Amino acids are the monomers of the proteins.
Q: You are presented with Cytidine 5’ triphosphate and Thymidine 5’ triphosphate. Draw these…
A: The DNA is the deoxyribonucleic acid that is formed of the monomers of the nucleotides that consist…
Q: Metalloprotein linkages are most likely to be formed between: Select one: O a. A leucine and a…
A: Correct option would be b) two cysteines. Metals bind to electronegative ligands like nitrogen,…
Q: Draw all possible products of a single hydrolysis being completed on the following polypeptide:…
A: Hydrolysis of protein peptide is the breaking down the peptide bond by addition of water molecule.
Q: Which of the following amino acids is most unlikely to be present in a beta sheet? O Leucine O…
A: Beta sheet consist of beta stands connected by atleast 2 or 3 backbone hydrogen bond laterally which…
Q: Nucleotides containing ribose, thymine, and phosphate are not found in ribonucleic acids. Explain…
A: RNA consists of ribonucleic acid, which exhibit ribose, and nitrogenous bases.
Q: Using Fig. as a guide, draw the complete structure of a nucleoside triphosphate before and after it…
A: nucleoside triphosphate, it provides our cell chemical energy and takes part in many cellular…
Q: please provide a mechanism for how Pro-Thr-Pro-Ser amide could rearrange/molecule into a different…
A: Amino acids are the building unit of proteins/polypeptide chain, consisting of amine group, carboxyl…
Q: Why does RNA use uracil as a complementary base pair with adenine instead of thymine?
A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) poses as genetic material but rarely takes part in…
Q: The structure forms basenpair with what specific nucleobase?
A:
Q: When cytosine is treated with bisulfite, the amino group is replaced with a carbonyl group. Identify…
A: Studies on the interactions between chemicals and nucleic acids are important because they can be…
Q: Using Haworth projections, how can I draw a hetero trisaccharide containing two different types of…
A: Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy ketones or polyhydroxy aldehydes or their derivatives. In…
Q: Why is the deoxyribose so important in dna and why is the phosphate at the 5’ end crucial for DNA…
A: Deoxyribose is a pentose sugar important in the formation of DNA. It is a modified sugar, lacking…
Q: Why is ti advantageous for a cell to expend metabolic energy to polymerize gulucose molecule.?
A: Human blood possesses sugar in the form of glucose, it is being carried to all cells as a source of…
Q: Ribosomal proteins have high pI values. Why is this advantageous for ribosome stability?
A: Ribosome is the complex of rRNA and proteins present in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is responsible…
Q: Why do think nucleotides are also sometimes referred to as “bases” or “nucleotide bases”? What is…
A: "Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…
Q: Lactose exists in two anomeric forms, but no anomeric forms ofsucrose have been reported. Why?
A: Anomers are the diastereoisomers of cyclic forms of sugars or carbohydrates which differ only in…
Q: Draw the structure of the 06-methyguanine:protonated cytosine base pair (three hydrogen bonds form…
A: DNA encodes the genetic information, this information through Central Dogma passed on from DNA to…
Q: draw the structure of the tripeptife Pro-Ser-Cys as it would appear at physiological PH with its…
A: Amino acids can be polymerized to form chains. Peptide bond formation is a condensation reaction in…
Q: Why can six-carbon sugars sometimes form furanose rings and other times pyranose rings?
A: Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into…
Q: In the deoxy state of HB, which of the following does not occur? O An intra-chain salt bridge…
A: Hemoglobin is an oligomeric conjugated protein with four peptide chains joined by a…
Q: The primary amino acid sequence of a stretch of polypeptide is Asp-Glu-Pro-Lys-His-Arg. Would you…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules when combined with a peptide bond forms proteins. Proteins are…
Q: Why adenosine tri phosphate is called Biological coin ?
A: Introduction: The cell is considered life's fundamental unit as all tissues, and any organized…
Q: Why is carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation functionally important?
A: Transcription is the molecular mechanism in which the information in DNA is transcribed into the…
Q: What is the significance of the pentose monophosphate shunt to synthesis of nucleotides?
A: We’ll answer the first question since the exact one wasn’t specified. Please submit a new question…
Q: Explain the nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) ? How it is formed ?
A: Nucleotides are the genetic material in living organisms. They are packed in the nucleus in…
Q: Human ribonucleotide reductase has two allosteric sites, the S site and the A site. What is the…
A: Human ribonucleotide reductase in a mammalian enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of RNA…
Q: Irreversible cleavage of disulfide bridges is achieved by treating the protein with O a. Edman…
A: Asked : Irreversible Cleavage of disulfide bridges can be done by which of option
Q: Which amino acid (also called amino acid residue)would be more likely to occur on the surface of a…
A: Amino acids are the monomers of the proteins .Based on the chemical nature of the side chain the…
Q: Provide an explanation for the fact that a-D-mannose is more stable than B-D-mannose, whereas the…
A: The anomeric effect is a electrostatic repulsion effect between the electron pairs of the ring…
Q: Since mammalian DNA contains roughly 25% thymine residues, why do mammalian cells need a thymine-DNA…
A: Introduction: DNA is the type of nucleic acid that is present in the nucleus of the cell. It is the…
Q: Does the location of the -OH group in a monosaccharide affect its function/bioactivity? Why or why…
A: There two types of anomers in a monosaccharide. Alpha and beta anomers, the C1 atom of the carbon…
Q: Can you please describe the specific components that each of these structures are comprised of (…
A: Proteins are the biomolecules which are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are joined together with…
Q: Draw the structure of Adenine Guanine Thymine Uracil Cytosine
A: DNA Bases- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine RNA Bases- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Q: DNA is damaged when a base from the DNA chain is removed after an alkylation has occurred. In a…
A: The nucleoside is considered as the single monomer of the polynucleotide, which possesses a…
Q: The main chemical structure difference between ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid is in the…
A: Nucleic acids are the polymers that are known to be essential to all forms of life. Nucleic acids…
Q: Hypoxanthine can also base-pair with cytosine. Draw the structure of this base pair.
A: Mutations sometimes are responsible for the change in the base pairing of the DNA. This change…
Q: Explain why most nucleotides adopt the anti conformation.
A: In case of Uridine and Cytidine in DNA, in addition to bond rotations and sugar puckers around the…
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- Some strains of bacteria or microorganisms have developed toxins that can modify the activity of the alpha subunit of G proteins which results in disease. For ex. cholera toxin, produced by Vibrio cholerae, causes ADP ribosylation of the stimulatory Gαs subunit of G proteins. This modification abolishes the GTPase of Gαs, and results in an αs subunit that is always in the “on” or active state. It results in continuous stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The main cells affected by this are the epithelial cell in gastrointestinal tract. Knowing this altered activity of AC, explain why patients affected by this toxin experience severe diarrhea and dehydration that may result in death.A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?Below is a diagram of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Numbers 1-7 refer to different molecules involved in the pathway. Numbers 1-7 on the diagram indicate molecules that are involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, but their names have not been given. Identify the missing components and write their names against the numbers 1-7 given below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Phosphorylase kinase integrates signals from thecyclic-AMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent signalingpathways that control glycogen breakdown in liver andmuscle cells (Figure Q15–4). Phosphorylase kinase is com-posed of four subunits. One is the protein kinase that cata-lyzes the addition of phosphate to glycogen phosphorylaseto activate it for glycogen breakdown. The other three sub-units are regulatory proteins that control the activity of thecatalytic subunit. Two contain sites for phosphorylation byPKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP. The remaining sub-unit is calmodulin, which binds Ca2+ when the cytosolicCa2+ concentration rises. The regulatory subunits controlthe equilibrium between the active and inactive confor-mations of the catalytic subunit, with each phosphate andCa2+ nudging the equilibrium toward the active confor-mation. How does this arrangement allow phosphorylasekinase to serve its role as an integrator protein for the mul-tiple pathways that stimulate glycogen…When adrenaline (epinephrine) binds to adrenergic receptors on the surface of a muscle cell, it activates a G protein, initiating a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of muscle glycogen. How would you expect glycogen breakdown to be affected if muscle cells were injected with a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, that can’t be converted to GDP? Consider what would happen in the absence of adrenaline and after a brief exposure to it.During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Zymogen activation
- Epinephrine causes a liver cell to produce glucose from glycogen in a flight-or-fight response. In the signaling pathway triggered by the specific receptor binding, explain the mechanism for activation of Protein kinase A (PKA). indicate what mechanism/s for enzyme regulation is/are involved in the process (focus on the activation of PKA in response to epinephrine and draw what happens to the enzyme ie how it becomes activated).Lithium ion, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, interferes with the phosphoinositide signaling pathway by inhibiting enzymes such as inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. Predict the eff ect of Li+ on the supply of cellular inositol, a precursor of phosphatidylinositol and PIP2.Why do you suppose that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, as opposed to allosteric binding ofsmall molecules, for example, has evolved to play such aprominent role in switching proteins on and off in signal-ing pathways?
- The alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins act as molecular timing switches. Explain the advantage of a system where the activity of a very slow enzyme, the alphs subunit, evolved to be accelerated by the effector enzymes that the GTP-bound alpha subunit stimulatesDigoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transportProvide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give annotations of binding sites and enzyme active sites.