You are studying Protein X which plays a role in promoting the G1/S phase transition in eukaryotic cells. You design an experiment using wild-type yeast cells to measure the amount of Gene X MRNA and activity levels of Protein X during the cell cycle. The results from your experiment are shown in the graph below. From the data, which of the following could Protein X be? Protein X activity levels Gene X MRNA levels Relative Units G1 G2 O cyclin inhibitor protein O cyclin dependent kinase Helicase Cyclin
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- A cultured mouse cell line has a mutation in a gene encoding a ribosomal protein. The mutant protein impairs the fidelity of translation such that incorrect amino acids are incorporated at higher rates than normal during protein synthesis. It also slows the rate of mRNA translation and increases the duration of the cell cycle, i.e., the mutant cells grow and divide more slowly. Researchers noted that these cells express higher levels of chaperone proteins than normal cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the elevated chaperone levels.A cell inherits a mutation in a gene that results in a transcription factor, called NF-kB, constantly being in its active conformation. When active, NF-kB stimulates the expression of cyclins that promote progression of the cell cycle, regardless of other conditions. As a result of this mutation, how would this cell's phenotype be affected by this mutation? A) This cell would have a cancer phenotype B) This cell would grow larger in size, but would never divide C) This cell would likely undergo apoptosis D) This cell would not duplicate its chromosomes .Yeast chromosome XII contains the HAP1 gene that contains codes to regulate proteins involved with cellular division. The SCM4 gene, on chromosome VII, produces membrane proteins and has a binding site for HAP1 in its promoter region. The diagram shows the location of the binding site for HAP1. Which of the following claims could scientists make regarding the interaction between HAP1 and SCM4? A - HAP1 would prevent translation of all SCM4 proteins by blocking the binding sections of messenger RNA and amino acids. B - HAP1 would decrease the translation of SCM4 proteins because promoter sections first bind transfer RNA and amino acids. C - HAP1 would stimulate transcription factors such as RNA polymerase and prevent all SCM4 proteins from beginning transcription. D - HAP1 would increase the transcription of SCM4 proteins because promoter sections bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription.
- The diagram below shows the structure of DNA from the level of a gene to a condensed mitotic chromosome. At each of the four locations marked, indicate how a gene may be regulated by selecting from the choices given. Some answer choices may fit into more than one position; however, you should use each answer choice only once. Choices given: Alternative splicing within the gene sequence can lead to different forms of mRNA. A promoter region can be blocked by another protein. Histone deacetylation can prevent DNA from unwinding. A regulatory region can be bound and increase transcription rates.Human cells are highly resistant to transformation. Experiments have shown that 5 regulatory circuits (pathways) have to be altered before human cells can grow as tumor cells in immunocompromised mice. State each of these circuits. Explain how the alteration of the protein of that particular circuit leads to uncontrolled growth. the mitogenic signaling pathway controlled by Ras. the cell cycle checkpoint controlled by pRb. the alarm pathway controlled by p53. the telomere maintenance pathway controlled by hTERT. the signaling pathways are controlled by protein phosphatase 2A, which modulates the activity of the mTOR, Myc, β-catenin, and PKB/ Akt signaling proteins.Aurora AAurora A is a protein that acts as a kinase (transfers phosphates to molecules). Many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, have higher than normal levels of this protein.Expressions of Aurora A genes in normal breast tissues (n = 10), normal tissues adjacent to tumors (n = 12) and breast tumors (n = 14).Scientists studying the production of Aurora A protein in normal frog cells observed that the amount of this protein in the cells changed throughout the cell cycle.Scientists tested chemicals that block Aurora 2 to see if they could be used as anti-cancer drugs. They found that some of the candidate drugs did slow the growth of cancer cells in cell culture in the lab. But when they tested these drugs in cancer patients to see if the drugs could slow the growth of solid tumors, they found that the benefit to patients was small when compared to the development of severe side effects such as anemia (low red blood cell count) and leukopenia (low white blood cell…
- Which of the following does NOT pertain to the myoblast-determining gene 1?*a. It is a master gene.b. It is a silencing gene.c. It produces a transactivating protein.d. It activates its own gene. Gene silencing involves which type of histone modification?* a. acetylation of histone 4 b. dimethylation of histone 3 c. trimethylation of histone 4 d. trimethylation of histone 3 Given the required environment, the totipotency of the nucleus can allow which of the following?* a. a committed cell to undergo dedifferentiation b. a committed cell to undergo terminal differentiation c. a terminally differentiated cell to produce a complete organism d. a terminally differentiated cell to produce specific types of tissues An induced pluripotent cell is described by which of the following?* a. It is a committed cell that undergoes redifferentiation. b. It is a committed cell that undergoes dedifferentiation. c. It is a terminally…The rb gene encodes a protein that inhibits E2F, a transcriptionfactor that activates several genes involved in cell division.Mutations in rb are associated with certain forms of cancer,such as retinoblastoma. Under each of the following conditions,would you expect the cancer to occur?A. One copy of rb is defective; both copies of E2F are functional.B. Both copies of rb are defective; both copies of E2F arefunctional.C. Both copies of rb are defective; one copy of E2F is defective.D. Both copies of rb and E2F are defective.The protein Tau promotes formation of axonal microtubules, stabilizes them, and drives neurite outgrowth. As demonstrated, (at least some kinds of) reversible phosphorylation of this protein can lead to it separating from the microtubules. What would be the "point" of a microtubule-associated protein that can be made to lose its ability to bind microtubules? Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere please ?
- The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle during which genetic information is passed from a parent cell to daughter cells. Because cell division plays several important roles in life, it is important that the cycle be regulated. Which of the following are reasons the cell cycle must be regulated? Select all that apply. The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle during which genetic information is passed from a parent cell to daughter cells. Because cell division plays several important roles in life, it is important that the cycle be regulated.Which of the following are reasons the cell cycle must be regulated? Select all that apply.[ ]To make sure cells only divide when conditions are favorable for growth and development of the organism[ ]To make sure daughter cells end up with the right number of chromosomes[ ]To make sure daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell[ ]To allow cells to respond to cues from their internal state and from their environment.A temperature-sensitive mutant yeast strain stops dividing when shifted from 25°C to 37°C. These cells are analyzed at different temperatures by a machine that measures the amount of DNA they contain, and the following graphs are obtained. Cells in G1 phase should have ___ unit(s) amount of DNA. Which of the following would explain the behavior of your mutant? Mark yes or no for each of the following choices. Inability to initiate DNA replication Defect in chromosome condensation Defect in centrosome duplication Defect in cytokinesisAccording to the histone-code hypothesis, what is one way that cell specialization occurs? a) Differential DNA methylation patterns b) Variation in enhancers in different cells c) TFII transcription factors binding to different histones in a cell-specific manner d) Differential expression of histone modifying enzymes e) Different histones are expressed in different cells