Chromosome

A di-hybrid cross is the mating of two organisms that differ in two traits. These two traits are controlled by pairs of alleles at different loci. A di-hybrid cross will always produce a F2 generation with the ratio of 9:3:3:1. This means that there are 9 individuals that display both dominant traits, 3 that display the first dominant trait and the second recessive trait, 3 that display the first recessive trait and the second dominant trait, and 1 that displays both recessive traits; which is called

outcomes (UK essays 2013; widmaier et al, 2014; Toole, 2015; Khan, 2016). Mitosis is a cell division that produces two daughter cells receiving a copy of every chromosome with the same genetic component as the parent cell, while meiosis is a cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes which contain a single copy of each chromosome (widmaier et al, 2014; Diffen, 2016; Toole 2016; Encyclopaedia Britannica). The purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction, while

cell division (Mahdieh and Rabbani, 2013). Examples of these abnormalities are duplication, inversion, insertion, deletion, and translocation, ring shaped chromosome, and breakage of part of chromosome structure (Mahdieh and Rabbani, 2013). Molecular diagnostic analysis of chromosomal abnormalities developed dramatically from time to time. Chromosome analysis started from simple karyotyping and developed to sophisticated and high productive molecular techniques, such as florescence in situ hybridization

end stage renal disease and uremia. Approximately 600,000 Americans are affected by PKD, according to the Kidney and Urologic Diseases Statistics for the United States: NIDDK. It is thought that PDK is caused by mutations of the genes on chromosome 16 or chromosome 4. The disease process begins with the appearance of cysts, which grow out of the nephrons of the kidneys.

learning disabilities and intellectual impairment. One third of people with this disorder have signs of autism that affect social interaction. FXS is a condition that is caused by X-linked dominance. This disorder is located on the long arm of the X-chromosome, on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 gene provides instructions to make Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). FMRP protein regulates the production of other proteins and synapses. This disorder is caused by a mutation in the CGG triplet repeat. Normally

hydrochloric acid It enable to stain the specimen of root tip. It can help to break the hydrogen bonds contain in it. Question 8 Reason Cells are in phase of telephase of mitosis or meiosis stage could start. Discussion There was cells with purple chromosomes on a pink background.There was drawn the each phases of mitosis to make easier the differentiation of phases cause is sometimes difficult to differ. At the beginning, when final stage of slide preparation was done, there was problem, three times

common fatal genetic disease in the United States today. CF is an autosomal recessive disease that occurs approximately one out of 3,300 live births (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 1998). Autosomal means that the gene for CF is not carried on the sex chromosomes and males and females are both afflicted

currently not diagnosed with the disease. Although, many officials believe the number is closer to 1 in 15,000. Currently there have been no signs of this disease being inherited through genetics, this disease is caused by a deletion of a region of chromosomes. The Smith-Magenis Syndrome is a development disorder that has multiple effects on an infected person through physical appearances, speech and sleep disorders, and behavioral problems. Alongside, SMS many physical symptoms as well as psychological

anemia, geneticists were also able to establish the causation of severe variation between sickle cell anemia. On chromosome 11 near the -globin gene, there are clusters of several other globin genes located on chromosome 11. These -globin clusters contain a variable amount of DNA, which are referred to as haplotypes. A haplotype is a combination of DNA markers on a particular chromosome and is a form of a SNPs. Only

Human DNA is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes and within these chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of gene