Entropy

exist due to the difference in thermal coefficients between fundamental Raman peak at Vm = 1338 cm−1 and V0 = 1332 cm−1. Residual stresses can be calculated by σ = −0.348 (Vm − V0) = −0.348 (1338 − 1332) =−2.088 GPa (compressive) [43, 44]. Diamond has a face-centered cubic lattice with space group Fd3m. It has two carbon atoms in the primitive unit cell, and thus a single triply degenerate firstorder phonon with symmetry F2g [45–47]. The single sharp Raman peak at ~1332 cm−1 is assigning to these

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Tankless Water Heater | Tankless Water Heaters Sugar Land When the time comes for the purchase of a new water heater consider tankless water heaters in Sugar Land. With the water heater being the second largest consumer of energy in the home, researching your energy efficient (and therefore money saving) options is well worth your time, and the tankless water heater provides the most energy efficient choice. A tankless water heaters in Sugar Land may be just the option you are looking for. How

Smoke is the main element of barbecue; it is what separates it from all the other methods of cooking. Apple wood is arguably the most popular fruit wood used for smoking meat. To figure out what makes it so special, we will take a closer look. Which tree do apple wood chips come from? As you may have guessed, apple wood chips come from apple trees. There is little to no difference in the flavor of the smoke from any type of apple tree. While some cooks will claim that wood from golden delicious

The bacterium Thermus aquaticus is a fascinating organism that is utilized for a revolutionary process called a polymerase chain reaction (PCR.) The bacterium was discovered in the hot springs of Yellowstone, and is generally found in very hot climates, typically not livable by other bacterium. The bacteria belongs to the Archaebacteria kingdom, is a chemoautotroph, and is typically cylindrically shaped, but can be rod shaped or spherically shaped. PCR is a tool used by those looking to amplify

public class Entropy { public static double calculateEntropy(ArrayList data) { double entropy = 0; if(data.size() == 0) { // nothing to do return 0; } for(int i = 0; i < Hw1.setSize("PlayTennis"); i++) { int count = 0; for(int j = 0; j < data.size(); j++) { Record record = data.get(j); if(record.getAttributes().get(4).getValue() == i) { count++; } } double probability = count / (double)data.size(); if(count > 0) { entropy += -probability

Measuring the Enthalpy change of combustion Abstract This simple experiment is carried out to show the difference in the enthalpy change of combustion between two fuels, hexane and methanol. These fuels are individually weighed before and after used as heat source to heat water in a calorimeter. The result is used to find out amount of heat transferred by the fuel, amount of fuel used and the enthalpy change of combustion. Introduction Enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when

Heat resistance of endospores of Bacillus pumilus Abstract Spore suspension of Bacillus pumilus was inoculated into universal bottles containing sterile distilled water in water baths at temperatures of 85°C, 90°C and 95°C. At specific time intervals, a sample was removed and spread on nutrient agar plates. The number of colonies formed was used to determine the D-value and z-value. The D-value for 85°C is 64.1 minutes, 25.7 minutes for 90°C and 8.2 minutes for 95°C while the z-value is 11

Transport – A Necessary Evil: Comparing the Heat Combustion of Different Fuels Aim: The aim of this experiment is to test each fuel (Ethanol, Hexanol and Octanol) by using a spirit burner, tripod and beaker filled with water to determine which fuel produces the most effective heat of combustion that is also safe to take camping. This will be conducted by using a stopwatch to time the combustion of each fuel to determine which fuels heats the water quickly, and what materials can be used to minimise

Figure 1) From 0 to 16 minutes for the ‘centre’, the highest decrease in temperature from the initial to final temperature (in trial 3) was The ‘outside’ and ‘isolated’ dropped by (trial 1 and 3) and (trial 2), respectively. This suggested the ‘isolated’ had the greatest decrease in temperature of the other two. This corresponded to a greater heat energy lost and thus, meant being separated from the bundle was not the most ideal place to be when conserving energy. As the test tubes represented