1906 Earthquake Research Paper

Have you ever been in a deadly earthquake? In 2013, the people of the Philippines experienced one. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake that affected around 43,000 people with 2,211 aftershocks that ended up killing a total of 185 people. Earthquakes are known as one of the most dangerous natural disasters. This horrific event happened October 15th, 2013. The earthquake hit hardest in the central Philippines, it was reported to be caused by the East Bohol Fault. People act in a response to a natural disaster by gathering resources, spreading word, and government aid.

The following paper is on the economic effects of the Cascadia subduction fault line earthquake. This earthquake is predicted to happen within the next fifty years, and it's predicted to devastate everything west of Interstate 5. The earthquake can range from a 8.0 magnitude to a 9.2 magnitude, and will impact "some hundred and forty thousand square miles... and some seven million people" (Schulz).

Earth's plates and continents do not always just stay in one place. They shift, collide, and move apart, causing destruction in many different parts of the world. The movement of plates causes volcanic eruptions, changes in the oceans, and perhaps the most dangerous of all, earthquakes. Earthquakes may have the most devastating effects on people and cities.

According to the CNN news, for residents of the big island of Hawaii, Friday May4 was a day of fraught which caused fear and tragic to people who live at the island as a strong earthquake shook their homes and many of the residents were forced to leave their place for their own safety. The US Geological Survey seismologist Jana Pursley said The Kilauea volcano 6.9 quake was the most powerful on the island since 1975. This explored case problem to the residents and tourist who are happening to stay nearby where the erupted located.

San Francisco, a thriving city in the early 1900s. Gaining its wealth from the gold rush that previously happened in 1849. San Francisco gained 5 billion dollars from land and gold. San Francisco was at a very good economical place, being a rapidly growing city with a large population. The earthquake, was more of a when instead of an if, meaning that the earthquake was inevitable. Of course, due to today's technology and understanding over earthquakes, we know that they were bound to happen, but in the early 1900s, they did not have this knowledge. This earthquake, and the Loma Prieta, were both earthquakes caused from the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas fault is the fault between the Pacific and the Northern Continental tectonic plates.

There are many earth hazards everywhere on earth which both humans and nature share a role, natural hazards such as volcanoes, floods, forest fires, and avalanches, and purely of human origin like the chemical leak, oil spills, and human made earthquake. But one of nature's most dangerous hazard that we have to live with in California must are earthquakes. A earthquake is when two tectonic plates slowly slip past each other and get stuck which creates friction. The point where the two blocks slip is called the fault or fault plane. When the earthquakes start is at the hypocenter, and the point above the hypocenter is called the epicenter. After a earthquake, there are aftershocks that are smaller earthquakes, some aftershocks can be as large

There are thousands of people living in San Francisco, without knowing that they are at a high risk of fatality at this moment. People should not be living too close or on a fault line, especially without the knowledge of the risks they are taking. The San Andreas fault line is a juncture of the Pacific and North America plates. The fault line is 800 miles long. It starts close to Eureka and ends above Brawly. Scientists predict that an earthquake can happen at the San Andreas fault line any moment right now and with very high likelihood of happening sometime before 2032. In the event of an earthquake, many lives will be lost, money will be spent, and in some cases, residents are ignorant of the peril.

Even

The Hayward Fault stretching beneath a few major cities in California has not shifted too far in the last 150 years, a shift that used to be evident on a street corner of Rose and Prospect Streets. A no longer aligned curb was a perfect reminder of the forces working beneath the citizens of Hayward (although the city decided to realign it once more), and the forces that could soon act again. This fault was found to produce a large earthquake roughly every 160 years, give or take 80 years. Any earthquake, especially of the magnitude predicted to occur (7.0), would be devastating as this fault runs through major urban areas. Unlike the last time it shifted, geologists predict that the next earthquake will stretch for 52 miles

The main topic of this article is the possibility of larger earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault. These earthquakes would stem from small scale earthquakes in the Salton Sea near southern California. There is reason to believe that the Salton Sea area could be having more of an impact on how the San Andreas Fault reacts over time.

The San Francisco earthquake was caused by a rupture in the fault line. The more the fault line brakes the higher the magnitude will grow. In other words if the fault brakes more the shake will get stronger and harsher. During the quake there was about twenty feet moved during it. More than twenty feet moved which caused that they were stuck in that place they could not go anywhere. There was a massive energy that radiated out. The energy radiates out which causes it to shake like a ball there is a force that spreads. The were the causes of the San Francisco disaster.

The San Andreas fault in California is a transform boundary which means the tectonic plates grind against each other slowly building up tension through friction then one day they’ll slip causing an earthquake to occur.

Many weeks had passed since the intense earthquake had occurred. Much of the city was destroyed and it took quite a lot of money and time to restore things. John was frightened and horrified about the consequences everybody received. In order to compensate for the losses, many citizens and relief organizations helped in the city to clean up and assist homeless people. There, many company building which had broke down and only the cement base was still existing. As a result, many civilians also died by the falling of buildings and the other effects from the natural disaster.

Shake Maps provide an alternative way to investigate a seismic event, with an emphasis more on surface strength and its impacts, than in ground- motion modelling. Shake maps rely on the use of the Modern Mercalli Intensity scale (referred to in the rest of this literature review as the MMI scale) to represent the strength an earthquake. MMI is a scale which is used to show the strength of an earthquake, with regards to the damage it causes. This is an area of investigation for the 1906 San Francisco in which there are numerous sources from Lawson et al. as volume one of the report contains countless reports of damage caused across the state of California by the 1906 earthquake. While adjustments have been made to the scale we use

The 2010 Canterbury Earthquake happened near Christchurch, New Zealand on the South Island on September 4, 2010 at 4:35 a.m. (see figure 1) (Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, n.d.). The focus of the earthquake was at 5 km or 3.1 miles below the surface (United States Geological Survey, n.d.). It had a 7.1 magnitude on the Richter Scale and it caused widespread damage in the city. Two people were injured and one person died from a heart attack, but it was not known if it was related to the earthquake. There were very few causalities because most people were home at the time of the earthquake. It was caused by movement along a previously unknown fault in the Canterbury Plains. The fault appeared about 50 miles from the boundary between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates (Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, n.d.).