3-Acetamidopropane-1 Alcohol Analysis

With the possibility of drugs capable of suppressing the urge to consume alcohol in addicts, many people who normally would not be helped by a simple 12 step program, could use such drugs in combination with standard treatment in the future to help combat their addiction.

Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in

Alcoholism is a long standing health issue, and there has been ongoing research to seek out drugs that could effectively help to treat alcoholism, acute and long-term. According to an article by Johnson, Swift, Addolorato, Ciraulo, and Myrick (2005), a challenge has been to identify medications that not only reduce the rewarding effects of alcohol, but the dependence, post cessation craving, and the withdrawal craving.

As state in our class notes, “All drugs impact the nervous system and specific neurotransmitters; additionally, whenever alcohol is ingested, the neurotransmitter dopamine is initially released. Dopamine provides a feeling of euphoria as it is release into the nucleus accumbens. Next, alcohol looks for a specific receptor site to bind to. It is displacing the neurotransmitter which binds to the receptor site. Alcohol enhances the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA by mimicking it causing sluggishness.” (class notes) Alcohol can alter the limbic system such as the orbitofrontal cortex. It is a part of the

A system whereby pharmaceutical drugs are administered to patients to treat their excessive alcohol use is referred to as pharmacotherapy intervention in order to achieve abstinence. These medicines (Antabuse e,g Disulfiram, Acamposate and Naltrexone)

Alcohol dependence treatments include naltrexone, acamrosate and disulfiram. Naltrexone inhibits opioid receptors that play a role in the pleasure effect of drinking and craving for alcohol. Acamprosate is believed to have effects on reducing withdrawal symptoms like insomnia, anxiety, restlessness and depression. This may be appropriate for patients who are severely alcohol dependent. Disulfiram impedes the breakdown of alcohol which results in vexing symptoms like nausea, flushing, and palpitations if the patient consumes alcohol (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009)

Since it blocks the effects of alcohol, it is useful for reducing the individual's desire to drink. When combined with a treatment program, naltrexone is particularly effective.

The medication works for alcohol dependence as it does for opiate addiction. As an opioid antagonist, naltrexone removes the reward or the ‘high’ when alcohol is consumed by blocking the opioids in the brain (Substance Abuse, 2012). By blocking the endogenous opioids in the brain, the medication has

To prepare and purify an ester: 1-pentyl ethanoate, using pent-1-ol and ethanoic acid. An annotated reaction showing this reaction is shown below:

Physicians have several options for treating alcohol use disorders. Behavioral therapy can help alcoholics recognize and avoid high-risk situations, and referral to programs that provide peer support, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, can increase a person’s chance of recovery. Therapists can also prescribe medications that decrease the appeal of alcohol. Studies show disulfiram, acamprosate and naltrexone help most people abstain from alcohol. Disulfiram causes unpleasant side effects such as sweating, nausea, headache, vomiting and chest pain when patients consume alcohol. The severity of the effects differs among patients, and is correlated with the amount of alcohol consumed. Naltrexone inhibits euphoric effects or feelings of intoxication

In this experiment, the pKa, dissociation constant, of 2-naphthol was determined by measuring the UV-visible absorption spectra of solution of the acid at different pH values.

Alocohl is glorious, it is the solution to all problems.It makes life easier and more importantly a person happy.In simple terms alochol is the nectar of life.And anyone who knows the wonders of alochol is part of the alocholic community.In order to be an alocholic ; one must always be drunk.The have the happiest lives, spendin free time relaxing with a nice,cold drink.Sober individuals with no outer influence ,who can make logical decisions are not only miserable but are the reason behind violence and other problems; these individuals take no responsiblities for their actions and blame the world and alocholics for their problems.Fair warning for if one wants to join the wonderful world of alochol abuse; people will hate, you will be on the recieving end of discrimination, shorter life span and even death.

Serotonergic system in brain creates an important network for proper functioning of brain. It plays an integral role in regulating A9 as well as A10 dopaminergic neurons in basal neuronal circuit. The 5-HT3 receptors are found to be the only ionic receptors in serotonergic family of receptors regulating several important functions of brain. The abuse drugs lead to dopamine increase in nucleus accumbens. This paper reflects on role of 5-HT3 antagonists in modulating the abuse potential of drugs. Among all the abuse drugs, 5-HT3 receptors are found to be most effective in condition of alcoholism. Moreover, there are evidences of neuroadaptive changes in brain after chronic use of 5-HT3 antagonists. All these studies led to identify site of action of alcohol and other abuse drugs on 5-HT3 receptor which is found to be different than the orthosteric site.

Chromatography Investigation Chromatography is a highly regarded technique used to separate the components of a mixture. It is based on the principle that each component possesses a unique affinity for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The components that are more inclined to enter the mobile phase will migrate further on the chromatogram and distinguish themselves from the other components. The type of solvent used in chromatography is known to directly affect the separation of the mixture. In this experiment, thin-layer and column chromatography will be utilized to separate the numerous chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of a spinach extract.

The aim of this essay is to to provide a market analysis for Lucozade energy drinks. Lucozade is one of the leading companies in the industry of energy and sports drinks in Great-Britain and Ireland (Suntorybeverageandfood-europe.com, n.d.). Originally named Glucozade, Lucozade was created in 1927 as a sickness recovery drink. In 1929, it was renamed to Lucozade. In 1980, the soft drink repositioned “as an everyday recreational energy drink” (Lrsuntory.com, n.d.). This essay shall address the manufacturer of Lucozade Energy, an innovative feature of the product and the target market in which it is aimed. I will also discuss how Lucozade Energy interacts with the 4Ps of marketing and its use of advertisement.