An urban heat island is described as metropolitan area or a city that is particularly hotter than the rural areas that surrounding it because of the activities of the human. The difference in the temperature always higher during the night than at the day, and generally when winds are not strong. Urban heat island is generally apparent during the winter and summer. The modification of land surfaces is the main reason for the urban heat island effect. The second contributor is the losing of heat created by the usage of the energy. The growth of the population center tends to extend its area and boost its temperature average. The low utilize term heat island assigns to any area, whatever it is populated or not, in such a way it is …show more content…
So, built surfaces are possessed from water-resistant and a high percentage of non-reflective construction materials. As a result, they ensure the absorption of certain proportion of the happening radiation, which is emitted as heat. Vegetation restricts radiation and yield umbrage that also helps in the reduction of the urban heat release. The fragmentation and reduction of large vegetative zones such as parks, will decrease these advantages and also will prohibits atmospheric cooling because of the circulation of horizontal air created by the gradient of the temperature between urbanization and vegetation areas, which is called the park cool island effect. On the other hand, the buildings which is arranged in narrow way along the streets of the cities create urban canyons that block the reflected radiation from the urban surfaces from escaping to the space. This radiation is eventually imbibed by the walls of the buildings, thus promote the release of the urban heat. Factors such as the expulsion of waste heat from refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the retardation of rural air flows from the built up surfaces by the windward, the production of waste heat from motorized vehicular traffic and industrial processes, and the emitted and scattered radiation from the pollutants of the atmosphere to the urban area, have been established as extra factors causes of
Chapter 1 of Part 3 titled, “Insertion”, in The Hot Zone by Richard Preston Jerry Jaax wakes up in the morning and gets ready. All of his team wore civilian clothing, because wearing space suits would panic the media. He leaves the house and arrives at the Institute. Whole crowds of people were waiting at the side of the building. He spotted Gene Johnson, he was pacing back and forth across the loading dock. There were many camouflage military trunks that contained Johnson’s gear from Kitum Cave. A white van pulled up and Johnson loaded his equipment into it. This van was headed to Reston. By now, The Washington Post newspaper had a headline on their paper saying that a deadly Ebola virus was found at the monkey house. Top-level workers were
In 2006, a study was conducted by Coutts et al. to determine the impact of increasing housing density on the surface energy balance and its relationship to Melbourne’s local climate. According to this study, alterations to the natural environment, resulting from the variations in urban surface characteristics (the physical structure of the city) and its artificial energy and pollution emissions, interact to alter and form distinct urban climates (Coutts et al. 477). These urban climates are far more severe than any natural climatic fluctuations experienced by the city; leading to increased air
a much greater annual temperature range than City B. The most likely explanation for this fact is
Arguments on the veritable source of action outlined in the paper are the sun, the long-term quazi-periodic process, the urban heat-island effect, and the greenhouse effect. Most of the cases on the natural force have been rejected or eradicated, such as the sun, due to contradicting evidence found by further research on the hypotheses stated. The most
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist in the late 1800s and early 1900s who came up with the concepts of social regulation and integration. These concepts have to do with the state of societies and how they work. More specifically, social regulation is the norms created by either formal laws or social pressure. The way people are expected to live and perform their daily tasks or jobs are somewhat decided by social regulation. In its most basic form, it’s what is and isn’t deemed acceptable by societies standards. Social integration on the other hand is the extent to which the group or society matters. This brings up the importance of the individual as opposed to the importance of the society. Strength of social ties within the community are big influences on how socially integrated a society is. These two concepts helped Durkheim better form an understanding for things such as suicide rates.
AUTHOR: Richard Preston PUBLISHER: Random House DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1994 Setting: The setting g takes place in two major places. Reston Maryland which is a suburb of Washington DC. and the second major area is in Kenya Africa.
Hot, Flat, and Crowded written by Thomas L. Friedman examines our need to become a sustainable country in not just the environment, but also in our financial markets. Friedman argues that the world is getting hot as a result of global warming (8). Our planet’s average temperature is rising. The increase can be attributed to humans and their use of large scale manufacturing that began with the Industrial Revolution when manual labor was starting to be replaced by machinery (68). Friedman’s next argues that world is getting flat due to the increase in high consuming middle classes brought on by technological, market and geopolitical events (8; 66). The combination of several factors including the invention of personal computers and the Internet, changes in transmission protocols, collapse of Communism, the Berlin Wall, and the Soviet Union led to
These days it seems like you can’t escape the all-seeing eye of PC culture. Every poorly worded joke or inconsiderate prank about race can lead to a person’s whole life being destroyed by woke twitter. Yet, a small made for TV movie known as Windy City Heat has managed to walk on by, unscathed by the wrath of PC culture. By stereotyping almost every minority group, Windy City Heat is arguably one of the most offensive films ever made, yet I found it amusing, hilarious, and a little enlightening. Ultimately, I believe that Windy City Heat uses extremes of stereotypes to vitiate the negative aspects of these stereotypes, and in doing so, acts as a morally acceptable pranks that aims to teach members of the film and the audience to be more welcoming.
In 1980 a man named Charles Monet went on a trip with a girlfriend up to Mountain Elgon in West Kenya. They spent the night there and went to a large cave called Kitcum cave. Three days after his return home, Charles began to have a headache. A few days later he went to the doctors and they told him he should go to a bigger/better hospital in Nairobi. So Charles flew to Nairobi.
Climate change is a issue that widely talked today. As the National Weather Service reports, the hottest temperature records are extending all over the United States since year 2010 (Schlesinger, William H, 2014). It is obvious that our world is heating. Global warming become more and more seriously. With the increase of temperature, many environment problems occur to have huge impact on our urban life, including: the sea level rise, air pollution and drought. These environment problems also endanger our area in a large part.
My favorite non-fiction piece is The Hot Zone by Richard Preston, which tells the (mostly) true story of how a case of hemorrhagic fever spread as well as the extensive process involved in finding and implementing cures. Growing up with two parents involved in medicine left me assuming that I knew the expanse of every field. The areas of pathology and epidemiology, however were completely new to me. The realization that the monstrous disease was based on something real was a wake up call of sorts that inspired me to delve into epidemiology and public health. I had never truly felt passionate or even remotely confident about my plans for the future, but this new knowledge gave me a foundation to build on. Of course the book was entertaining
Greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, absorb energy radiated by the Earth and then send it back into our atmosphere as heat. This is called the greenhouse effect. During the last
The concept of using radiant and convection heat for comfort has been around since early man. People chose south facing caves because the sun would warm up the rocks during the day and radiate the heat into the cave at night. The flames from a fire also gave off radiant heat. Technology has developed to control radiant and convection heat. Radiant heating and cooling (RHC) systems utilize the surrounding surfaces as heating and/or cooling sources. Generally, RHC systems are systems that radiant heat transfers cover more than 50% of heat exchange within a specified space. Compared to all-air systems, which depend on convection only, the RHC system provides heating and cooling by the combination of radiation and convection in a building. There are three types of radiant floor heating systems. The first type is a radiant air floor, where the air is the heat-transferring medium. The second type is electric radiant floor. The last type is hydronic radiant floor, which uses hot water.
The three problems caused by climate change are, rise in sea level, varied energy demand, and water scarcity. Firstly, the impact on costal areas contributing to sea level rise has made low-lying cities vulnerable to them. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 32) estimates that a 50 m raise in sea level would render Mumbai’s informal communities in severe despair. Moreover, climate change will lead to variation in energy demand. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 33) explain even though winter heating will decrease due to warmer weather, cooling anticipated increasing in summer, increasing GHG
To be precise, there are two kinds of human's sources such as heat and gases emission that produce from the buildings and the greenhouses and heat loses that come from the power plants and factories. The buildings and greenhouses emissions are heat and gases emit from any buildings and houses activities like air-conditioning, using gas for houses and buildings activities, the radiations that come from the electrical equipment. All these reasons have largely impact on earth's weather due to increasing the proportion of Carbon dioxide (Co2). Many researchers may argue that the building and the greenhouses emissions get the great benefits to earth's weather and environment because they believe that these emissions have small weight in earth's atmosphere and keep the balance of weather in earth (1). The air-conditioning systems in summer absorb hot air from the buildings and the greenhouses and reject it directly to atmosphere. Moreover, during the winter seasons, many people use wood, fuel, and electrical power for heating. Because of many reasons, the buildings and the greenhouses lose large amount of heat energy by the walls, the windows, and the ventilation systems. In fact, the effects of air-conditioning systems represent (18%) of the total amounts of Carbon dioxide (Co2) emissions come from the