A New Paradigm For Power Generation And Transmission

Renewable energy sources, like hydroelectric, solar, and wind, have proven to be hugely ineffective because they do not generate large enough quantities of electricity (Canadian Nuclear Association, 2013). For instance, a total land area of 40 times the size of Metropolitan Toronto would be needed to generate enough power for the city of Toronto using wind energy (Canadian Nuclear Association, 2013). Moreover, renewable energy sources heavily depend on the weather when generating power. For example, hydroelectric generators require rainfall to flood damns and create flowing water, wind turbines require powerful winds to turn the blades, and solar panels require clear skies and ample amounts of sunshine to produce electricity (Solar Schools, n.d.). Thus, renewable energy sources become unpredictable and inconsistent without these weather conditions.

The Distributed is electrical power generation in small scale (usually 1MW to 50MW) near the load centre using either conventional techniques such as Diesel generators and micro turbines or using non-conventional techniques such as Photo-Voltaic, wind turbines and small hydro power. This modern concept of power system is very advantageous as it reduces the load on the grid, consumers get a reliable power of better quality, and consumers can supply surplus power to the grid and earn a considerable profit. Thus, adopting this modern concept of power system is not only beneficial for consumers but also to the utilities.

Simplistically, a majority the generation of electricity on the grid comes from the combustion of fossil fuels to heat boilers that moves steam through a turbine. The spinning action of the turbine attached to a motor creates electricity which is sold on the power market. Other sources of energy can be used to heat the boiler, including nuclear fission, methane, and wood products. In addition, hydroelectricity and wind power can also be used to generate energy through mechanical action on the turbine/motor as well. Finally, but not exhaustively, power can be generated from the use of photovoltaic cells which convert the energy of the sun into electricity. Regardless of how it is generated, electricity has a very short life; it must be consumed or stored almost immediately after generation. Until the development of transformers, most electricity was generated on the site where it was intended to be consumed, due the inability to store it. (The Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry 2000 : An

“In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every year” (MacMillan). The United States alone is responsible for about 25 percent of all carbon dioxide pollution globally. (“11 Facts About Global Warming”). As the levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases increase in the atmosphere, so does the temperature. Global Warming is a serious threat to the environment and people need to take action to slow it down.

Six different methods for generating electrical energy, coming from electric power generating plants. Fossil fuel, hydroelectric, solar thermal, nuclear, geothermal, and wind power all generate electrical energy, but which is the most environmentally friendly? Electrical energy is the movement of charged particles through a wire, from a power plant to our homes and businesses. Fossil fuel energy is created through a natural process of pressure, heat and time, and used through the decomposition of buried, dead organisms which contain energy. The energy can be separated into coal, oil, and natural gas.

Concerns about the consequences of excessive global warming have made energy transition a matter of increasing interest. Carbon emissions from changing land cover and emissions of CH4 and N2O from agricultural activities are significant contributors to the excessive global warming, but emissions of CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels remain the largest source (Vaclav 2016).

CO2 is the most significant greenhouse gas, which mainly comes from the use of fossil fuels. Many people feel that content of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main reason for manmade global warming. The main sources of CO2 emissions involve electricity generation, industrial processes, fumes from transportation and commercial buildings and use. Emissions of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere are expected to cause even more of a significant change in global climate (Davison, 2007). The main focus to try to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to reduce the amount that is released from coal-fired power plants. Greenhouse gas emissions that involve the productions of electricity come from natural gas production and coal-fired power plant operations. Natural gas production accounts for twenty-four percent and coal-fired power plant operations accounts for seventy-five percent, while the other one percent is caused by other electricity generation operations. The main reason why coal-fired power plants have a higher percentage of emissions is because the sulfur content of coal is much higher than that of other fossil fuels (Jarmaillo et al., 2007). This proves that there is a great need to find an alternative fossil fuel to use instead of coal. Although coal is easy to mine, transport and process for the electricity generation process, it is also the

The power plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. The power plant must include a generator where as a rotating machine that converts the mechanical power to the electrical power. The energy source needed to turn the turbine varies widely. Such as coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power. Renewable source also can be as a source to the generator as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric. Nowadays, location is the main factor to placing the power plant. Usually location is concerned with the geographic location of land, easy to get the resource; population of people needed the electricity and costs. In economic terms, electricity is a commodity capable to being bought, sold and traded. The power plant is a system for effecting purchases, through bids to buy, through offer to sell and short term trading or long term trading.

HVDC transmission may also be selected for other technical benefits. HVDC can transfer power between separate AC networks. HVDC powerflow between separate AC systems can be automatically controlled to support either network during transient conditions, but without the risk that a major power system collapse in one network will lead to a collapse in the second. HVDC improves on system controllability, with at least one HVDC link embedded in an AC grid—in the deregulated environment, the controllability feature is particularly useful where control of energy trading is needed.

(1) A comprehensive stochastic mathematical model has been developed to enable operation interactions of DERs under uncertainty in an islanded micro grid in order to mitigate the variability and intermittency associated with large-scale integration of renewable energy generation.

Abstract—Basic guidelines for the preparation of a technical paper for an IEEE Power & Energy Society Conference are presented. This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, headings, etc.] are already defined, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. The abstract is limited to 150 words and cannot contain equations, figures, tables, or references. It should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance.

This is to ensure the phase angles of oncoming generator changing slowly due to the running system‘s phase angles.

Introduction: Due to increased concern on energy crisis and environmental issues, power industry is shifting their power production from conventional power sources to renewable energy sources, and is incorporating it into the grid utility in the form of distributed generations (DGs). The application of DGs can enhance reliability and stability of the local network, and can reach benefit to the supplier by reducing system losses and investment on a new transmission line due to increased power consumption [1]. Power generation in the form of DGs for local and grid utility can create issues as many as it may solve. Therefore, a microgrid concept is evolved to coordinate among sources, loads, and energy storage devices for maintaining

Historically, loads were variable but predictable, generation was dispatchable and there was no significant amount of bulk energy storage in the power system. However, nowadays, numerous recent reports and studies [1, 2] have discussed significant changes going on in the electric power system. These changes include the growth in the use of renewable energy resources in the bulk power system, proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER), an increasing number of installations of local renewable resources at end-use points and energy storage maturing into a viable grid-scale resource. These transformations have an important impact in the planning and operation of the modern grid.

A key objective of smart grid efforts is to substantially increase the penetration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. As per the Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, the central government of India plans to generate up to 20 GW grid-based solar power, and cover 20 million square metres with solar energy collectors by 2020[1]. However land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India, hence there is a need to utilize residential roof tops for harvesting of solar energy. Substantial grid integration of renewables is challenging, since their power generation is intermittent and uncontrollable. The modern electric grid permits households to consume electricity in essentially arbitrary quantities at any time, and is not currently designed for vast quantities of uncontrollable generation. Instead, the grid constantly monitors the demand for electricity, and dispatches generators to satisfy demand as it rises and falls. Fortunately, electricity demand is highly predictable when aggregating over thousands of buildings and homes. As a result, today’s grid is able to accurately plan in advance which generators to dispatch, and when, to satisfy demand.