Literature Review
In the subject research ten dependent variables have been selected whereas three independent variables have been used, keeping in mind their close relevance with each other. The literature review will revolve around the following dependent variables that are, Empowerment, Training & Development, Delegation, Employee Attitude, Personal Characteristics, Employee Competence, Motivation, Work Environment, Participation, Job Satisfaction, whereas the last section of the literature review will be based upon the three selected independent variables.
According to Rappaport (1984) the word ‘empowerment’ have been used in literature of almost all disciplines such as economics, education, management, marketing, organizational change process etc., but the perspective and the context in which it has been used is different in all disciplines. In recent literature that has been written on the topic of organizational management, the word empowerment has not been defined, in fact it has been explained in a much broader way by not confining it within boundaries. According to Zimmerman (1984) defining empowerment has been in debate and writers have different opinions about its description.
It is very important to have an impression and some understanding on the concept of empowerment; otherwise, it would be difficult to have momentum in this research. Defining empowerment in general terms would be much appropriate for the basic understanding of the concept. It can be
Empowerment is a contested concept which can be defined in many ways depending on peoples understanding and ideas. Adams (2003)
The single most important component associated with managing a successful organization, entails the empowerment of employees. People that are empowered are able to make smart decisions without always having to rely on authority, to point them in the right direction. Creating an empowered organization involves interest in the workplace; minimal absence from work, high retention rates; loyal and motivated team members; as well as efficient results and effective communication amongst team members. In the book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Empowerment means allowing individuals to take responsibility of their own life by making informed decisions. Empowerment of individuals is really important when planning a care plan for Martha, this allows her health staff at the residential care home to encourage her to make her own decisions and take control of her life. This will also help Martha builds self-esteem and confidence within herself.
According to (Miley, O’Melia & DuBois) the importance of empowerment helps individuals, families, organizations, communities, and societies increase their personal, interpersonal, and/or political power to realize improvements in their situations. The importance of empowerment embodies our sense of competence, mastery, strength and the ability to effect change, people who experience personal power perceive themselves competent.
The Empowerment Evaluation was presented by David Fetterman, mostly use for political issues. It was defined as an evaluation that helped with one owns self-determinations and purposes throughout the mayor decisions we face day by day. Used also in organizations to determine their main goals and give a sense of power on the topic to those who are working together for a solution or to create a new idea for a certain topic. This evaluation helps people but most importantly help yourself.
According to Russ Forrester (2000), empowerment is a descendant of participation and involvement. High involvement management was founded on the idea that employees could be trusted to make decisions about their work. Whetten and Cameron states that trust, which is very important in empowerment means having a sense of personal security. The people that hack a sense of trust are more self-determined and willing to learn. Forrester also believes that the organization will function more effectively if mangers will let the ones doing the work become more involved. Forrester lists four components that of high involvement and they are; sharing information, developing knowledge, rewarding performance and distributing power (Forrester, R 2000).
Mental empowerment plays a large role in Organizational culture and communication. This is where an employee or members of an Organizational provide their interest in the company in an accountable way, in which they used their own authority to complete tasks in which employees can feel dignity in their work. This is important to ensure that the employees are completing tasks or projects in a healthy way. Employees need to understand how their ability, autonomy and ability affect their mental health in the workplace.
The process approach empowerment as a macro approach focuses on empowerment as a function of the relationships between structural antecedents and resulting psychological states. This approach functions to integrate into a single model the constructs associated with both the structural and the psychological approach (Francescato, D., & Aber, M. S, 2015,
Empowerment addresses the power inequality inherent in subordination. Food and Beverage manager Michelle Cook is above Executive chef Ritchie Gravy in formal authority but she is subordinate because Ritchie is in a relational position of power over her. Empowerment, therefore, concerns releasing the shackles placed on floor staffs by kitchen staffs who have power in Café Hip. In this case, as management is empowering the
Employee empowerment can be described as giving employees' accountability and ability to make choices about their work without managerial authorization. Good managers are expected to
Empowerment in the past has been defined as “the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so the individuals
Empowerment will expand women’s human and social capabilities, their assets and authority over the assets. According to World Bank (2002) empowerment is the expansion of assets and capabilities of poor people to participate in. negotiate with, influence, control and hold accountable institutions that affect lives.
Empowerment is an important tool for progression and FWD needs to exercise it often when expecting employees to work together towards a global objective. Empowerment can be defined as providing employees the chance to exercise autonomy in making decisions (Vogt, 1997), which is rarely implemented at FWD.
Of course, skills and competence profiles are not the only internal tool to support empowerment. Related topics like career development, performance appraisal and development are part of the empowerment infrastructure. But these tools base their power on the skills and competence profiles. Development for instance becomes an ad hoc action if it is not derived from, based on or focused towards skills and competence profiles. This article focuses on a method for an organization to
Henry Mintzberg, a world renowned professor at the prestigious McGill University once stated, "Management is, above all, a practice where art, science, and craft meet." There are many ways one defines management. Throughout the last 5 weeks I got to grasp some of the key concepts one needs to acquire to become effective in management. I was able to gain the knowledge for these main ideas through the small group projects, the in/online class discussions, and the analyzed paper we 've completed thus far. Overall, BUS 250 has demonstrated the importance of teamwork, leadership, organization/planning, personality traits, social responsibility, decision making, ethics, along with various other key concepts I will share with you.