A Study By Lechtenberg Et Al

Personality disorders have a sex prevalence rate and there has been some suggestion that those rates reflect gender bias. The bias concerns derived from the “conceptualization of personality disorders, the wording of diagnostic criteria, the application of diagnostic criteria, thresholds for diagnosis, clinical presentation, researching sampling, the self-awareness and openness of patients and the items included within self-report inventories” (Butcher, 2009, p. 356). Studies have failed to prove that there is significant gender bias in the DSM. However, research has showed there is gender bias within clinical judgments. For example, gender related items would be included within self-report inventories (Butcher, 2009). Clinicians tend to judge female patients as being mentally ill more readily than male patients, even when the symptoms are the same. Moreover, women are more likely to be cast as overly emotional, have a need for mood-altering medication and require ongoing monitoring/treatment (Zur and Nordmarken, 2010).

Rates of use of IPV among Veteran and military populations vary from 13.3% to 58% (Riggs, Byrne, Weathers, & Litz, 1998, p. 213-225), with one study finding that the physical violence used was more severe in military populations than similar civilian rates (Heyman & Neidig, 1999, p. 239-242). Experience of IPV among female Veterans is also higher when compared to civilian rates. The study concluded that female Veterans experienced IPV at a rate of 33% while their female civilian counterparts experienced it at a rate of 24% (Dichter, Cerulli, & Bossarte, 2011, p. 190-194). Female Veterans using VA healthcare report even higher rates of IPV, as high as 74% (Campbell, Greeson, Bybee, & Raja, 2008, p. 194-207) A study of female VA patients in recent relationships concluded that 28.8% reported past year IPV (Iverson et al., 2013, p. 1288-1293). For Veterans, PTSD is an important correlate that may account for the relationship between combat exposure and the use of IPV (Marshall, A.D., Panuzio, J., & Taft, C.T. 2005, p. 862-876). Other correlates include military service factors, such as prolonged separation from family, multiple deployments, combat related stress, financial stressors, relationship changes, and demographic factors (Bell, Harford, Fuchs, McCarroll, & Schwartz, 2006, p. 1721-1733).

The incidence of intimate partner violence is quite common amongst individuals in the United States. As a result, PTSD and depressive disorder have been consequences associated with this issue, further adding to numerous public health issues that our society is facing. Intimate partner violence not only affects the victim, but the families and society as well. Therefore, efforts must be made to decrease the prevalence of IPV, as well as assisting those individuals who have been victimized in this issue. Past research has associated PTSD with individuals with sexual abuse, but not specific to IPV. One example in particular, included research done amongst women

Even further, research tends to focus around male participants. For example, Kelly (2000) found that in one of the more commonly cited meta-analytic reviews, Emrick, Tonigan, Montgomery and Little (1993), “women were vastly underrepresented” (p. 651). Researchers noted, “this disparity is remarkable given that women have consistently made up about one-third of AA members and make up one-third of [substance use disorder] treatment admissions” (Kelly, 2000, p. 652). Findings are predominantly important because, as Kelly suggests, the “emphasis on powerlessness and the minority status of women in 12-step groups that may make women-specific issues more difficult to discuss” (p.

The other issue of IPV is the effects that it has on individuals. There have been several reported cases of people that have suffered from IPV, and the effects are not pleasing. One of the effects that are associated with IPV is physical trauma where a person suffers from bruises, broken hands, legs, jaws, or loss of teeth (Chan, 2012). When IPV takes place, the person doing it does not care about their partner and hits them with anything that they can come across. They may use sticks, knives, or kick them or fight them with their fists (Varcarolis, &Hatler, 2013). Whichever method is used usually result in physical trauma for the person. Death is also an effect of IPV as people may suffer be

Beyond the acute injury, women who have experienced IPV, in many cases, have long-term detrimental health consequences, which can be physical (such as chronic headaches, chronic pelvic pain, recurrent

The Interviewer used the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV to obtain all current Axis-I diagnosis within the participants. The participants were then asked to complete a number of questionnaires and tests to determine the severity of the conditions in question. PTSD severity was measured using the Modified PTSD Scale-Self Report. Depression severity was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Learned Helplessness was measured using the Learned Helpless Questionnaire. The participants previous history of abuse was measured using The Trauma History Questionnaire. To determine if there had been a male dominated background, a questionnaire of six questions was developed by the researchers. It consisted of questions that determined if there was any prejudice toward women in the participants cultural attitudes, or upbringing.

While this kind of variety certainly plays a role in a career as an occupational therapist, what keeps a therapist intrigued is the diversity in their clients. Even within an area of specialization, therapists can encounter clients that vary in age, ethnicity, disability, and diagnosis. Gender differences in certain sectors of occupational therapy are more or less common in different sectors. Over 90% of occupational

There are certain needs that must be assessed within female facilities that would obviously not be an issue in a male facility. For example, many women enter incarceration while being

Since the late 1900s we have known that children living with IPV face negative impacts as a result. Some children living with IPV display extreme, full posttraumatic symptom profiles. It has been found that more commonly children will display a number of symptoms related to the trauma of abuse. Children who are living with IPV show heightened autonomic arousal which

An experiment at the University of California, Los Angeles proved interesting when a machine taught both boys and girls. The boys ended up scoring higher than when a woman taught them. I am wondering if girls scored higher than the boys did when male teachers teach them? I also wonder how the girls scored when taught by a machine; maybe they scored higher, too. At the secondary school level boys do perform better on technical or scientific subjects. Now this goes back to the first assumption that our brains work differently, or is it because more male teachers may teach these subjects? According to Mooney, teacher of the similar sex may have the "instinctive understanding that an adult will enjoy with a child who is going through a process which he or she went through too" (122). In other words, they can relate better with a child of the same sex. I am a female kindergarten teacher and also have a daughter who is six years old. I have no problem relating to the boys in my class. I think I can relate to any child who is five or six years old.

All the women that are identified will have a pre-assessment test by some designated physicians. The aim is to note their psychological status and identify any psychiatric disorder. After this, the participants will be grouped into two; the intervention group and the control group. Those that are under the intervention group will be provided assess to DV resources, including psychologists, social workers, crisis hotlines, sexual assault crisis centers, counseling services, and women’s shelters, as well as physician visits. While the other group will not be given the privileges that the intervention group has. Both groups will be monitored for a period of 12months and will be re-evaluated by the physicians. The physicians will evaluate their psychological status and the trend in any pre-identified psychiatric disorder of both groups. Information will be gathered on any developed or resolved posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic disease, depression, improved quality of life and mental

Women presently face multiple challenges in the healthcare system. Things such as research androcentrism, medicalization, and gender stereotyping are all things women must overcome in today’s society. Research androcentrism or male centeredness in the field of health care is used to describe how men are used as a baseline for medical research and standards of care (Shaw & Lee 368). By using only men, generally white men, as a baseline for research, the effects of drugs and procedures are not adequately studied; a lack of research on other groups of people, specifically women, can prove to be dangerous because certain drugs may affect women differently than men. Another challenge pertaining to research androcentrism is the fact that women are not always included in clinical trials (Shaw & Lee 368). Until recently, the biological differences

The article written by Milich, Balentin & Lynam (2001) struck me by surprise when they began to talk about when ADD was added into the DSM. They stated that when it was added with the hyperactivity sub-type in the DSM-III that there was little to no research to support its validity. They said that it was put into the DSM to produce almost a curiosity so that people would investigate the subtype. I would never have thought that the DSM would put in a subtype or a category without an ample about of research to back it up. Many people rely on the DSM as a way to diagnose different clients; to add something in without the proper research supporting it does not seem ethical to me. It would be different if they released an article about this new subtype to promote a curiosity about it so that others would research its validity but not just publishing it in the DSM even though in the end it did catch the attention of researchers like it was hoped for.

The central focus of feminist counselling is gender, therapists must understand and be sensitive to how psychological oppression and socialization influence identity development.