The instability created in Europe by World War I set the stage for another international conflict World War II, which broke out two decades later and proved to be even more devastating. Rising to power in an unstable country, Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party had ambitions of world domination. Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war with estimated 45-60 million casualties (Stevenson). During World War II various codes were used by American soldiers to relay encrypted messages. The Axis powers, however, …show more content…
The use of the Navajo language to create a code during World War II was the idea of Philip Johnston, the son of William and Margaret Johnston who were Protestant missionaries to the Navajo (Holm 71). Johnston was born and raised in the reservation; he was also the one of very few Americans who could speak the Navajo language precisely (Aaseng 17). In February of 1942, Johnston was able to present the language to the commanders of the Marine Corps and the idea impressed them, so that they allowed Johnston to start a Navajo Code Talker Test Program. Later in April, Johnston and the Marine Corps commanders went to the reservation and recruited thirty men (Aaseng 23). The men that were recruited marked the start of the pilot program. Of the first thirty men who joined the program, only twenty-nine completed it and went to help the war effort. The two men that had dropped out were not qualified for service as code talkers for the Marine Corps (Paul 75). This group of the twenty-nine Navajo men came to be called the “original twenty-nine.” The Navajo men that were recruited often lacked birth certificates so it was impossible for the Marine Corps to verify ages, but after the war it was discovered that some recruits were as young as fifteen and some were as old as thirty- five (Paul 14). Once the Navajo men were given the task to create the code it was not an easy task. Each military word had to be given a code name and the code name had to be
In my opinion, the article, “The Navajo,” by Patricia Cronin Marcello more effectively uses words and phrases to persuade a reader about the value of the contributions of Native Americans during World War II because it shows how Code Talkers saved many lives, and displays how it was so successful and helpful. “An Air Force Times article by William Wrigg states, ‘According to Marine Corps high command, the Code Talkers saved thousands of American lives.’ The U.S. Marines called the Code Talkers their secret weapon” (Marcello, para. 3). This article shows the usefulness of the Native Americans in World War II because the code talking saved many American lives. In addition, the U.S. Marines even called them their secret weapon, proving what a
Although this idea had been successfully implemented during World War I using the Choctaw Indian's language, history generally credits Philip Johnston for the idea to use Navajos to transmit code
The Second World War began in September of 1939 and was between the Allies and the Axis. It began with Germany’s unprovoked attack and conquest of Poland, and involved Britain and France from the beginning. Its origins lay in German resentment at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the economic crisis of 1929-30, which favored the rise to power of Fascist dictators, the failure of the League of Nations to gain international acceptance for disarmament, and the policy of imperialism adopted by Germany, Italy and Japan as a means of acquiring raw materials and markets. As a part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to accept full responsibility for the First World War, which then led up to the outbreak of the Second. The
And for the Code Talkers, years and years later, when they could finally discuss the code, “Senator Jeff Bingaman . . . proposed the ‘Honoring the Navajo Code Talkers Act’ . . . the act called for recognition for the code talkers” (Nez 256). Both saved the day and both oppressor groups were largely grateful for their sacrifices and for their differences that made it possible.
The Nazi Germany was able to invade Poland as their first step in expansionism into an empire in 1939, officially beginning the Second World War. They followed that up with an attack in France and other countries, and the beginning of their physical persecution on the chosen groups. Eventually Japan, the Soviet Union, the United States, and many other countries became involved. World War II lasted almost six years, and because of this war more than 50 million civilians and soldiers lost their lives, whether they were fighting for their country, being persecuted, or trying to live their lives
recruit 200 Navajos. In May 1942, the first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp. Then, at
Native American code transmission began in World War I, with the Choctaw Indians (Meadows, “Honoring”). “Because the Native languages were not based on European languages or
#Navajo Conflicts in Arizona and New Mexico fighting between the Navajo and the U.S. army which led to their expulsion
On September 1, 1939, Adolf Hitler invaded Poland. This led to a widespread war across many nations. This war was later called World War II. Before Germany invaded Poland, both America and Germany were going through a Great Depression. In the war, there were two sides, The Allies,(including America and
From 1863-1868, the Navajo, or Diné, found themselves the target of a major campaign of war by the Union Army and surrounding enemies in the American Southwest, resulting in a program of removal and internment. This series of events is known to the Navajo as the “Long Walk” , where as a people the Navajo were devastated by acts of violence from multiple factions of enemies. The perspectives of the Navajo regarding the “Long Walk” can grant context to the changes occurring in the American Southwest during the American Civil War, where the focus of the Union’s military might fell upon Native Americans instead of Confederate forces. Rather than as a program of Indian removal resulting from the Civil War militarization of the Southwest, the Navajo
For six agonizing years, the world was at a point of great strife. Considered a turning point of the century, World War II consisted of the Axis powers-Italy, Japan, and Germany-and the Allies-United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. The war initially started when Germany invaded Poland in 1939, but the United States did not declare war until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. In order to put an end to any further bloodshed, the United States decided to drop the newly invented atomic bomb. The use of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified due to the numerous lives spared, ending the merciless Japanese soldiers terrorization of Chinese innocents and American prisoners of war, as well as
In the documentary short subject titled “The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers” by producer Jordan Haddad explains a short history of events starting with Mr. Philip Johnston. Mr. Johnston, a civil engineer living in Los Angeles, heard about the U.S. codes being intercepted by the Japanese military and wanted to help aid the war effort. While living with his missionary parents on a reservation, Johnston asked Lt. Col. James Jones, a Signal Corps Communication Officer for permission to experiment with thirty Navajo men to begin a new cryptograph program. The men enlisted in the military and were stationed at Camp Pendleton, in San Diego, California. Upon completion of boot camp and initial cryptograph school, the new code talkers were sent
It was said that World War I would be the war to end all wars; unfortunately U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was wrong. In 1939 Germany invaded Poland and the global conflict, World War II, began. Fought from 1939 to 1945, World War II consisted of the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. The Axis Powers were led by Germany, Japan, and Italy. The Allied Powers were led by the United States, Britain, France, and several other countries. In total, over sixty million people were killed, making World War II the deadliest conflict in modern history. The intervention of the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the end of the war 4 years later.
The Navajo Code was used to communicate orders without the enemies knowing what was being said. Throughout the movie, we see discrimination and racism and the effects war has on the soldiers. After losing all his squad members and being sent to a hospital,
In the early hours of the 1st September 1939 German forces invaded Poland. 21 years after the end of World War I, the world had to face the beginning of another world war that should last 6 years. World War II was one of the most disastrous events in human history causing approximately 60 million deaths and destruction almost all over the globe (msn Encarta 2008). Winston Churchill wrote in the preface of his book about World War II (The Gathering Storm):