Chapter Six
Maps and Air Photos
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Objectives
The objectives of this lab are to learn how to interpret and depict landforms using air photos, topographic maps, and geologic maps. In geology, maps have many functions. It is essential to be able to read and understand a map (paper or digital) while in the field. Geologic maps contain more information than common highway maps. Features such as faults, folds, rock formation, strike and dip, elevation and a variety of other information can be found, depending on the type of map.
Key Terms
Air photo, anaglyphs, contour interval, contour line, cut bank, depression contour, fractional scale, graphical scale, index contour, landform, lineament, profile, scale, stereoscope,
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Wells drilled into such fractures often produce large amounts of groundwater. Lineaments are usually subtle, but may show up as a wet area containing greener vegetation. Where fractures intersect the land surface, there is usually a trough in the topography that funnels water from surrounding areas. Watch for lineaments as you study air photos in this lab.
Land use planners use air photos to depict roadways and existing developments, landforms such as unstable slopes that may hinder development, environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands that may be damaged by development and buffer zones around lakes and rivers that should not be developed due to flood hazards.
Using special glasses called stereoscope, it is possible to view adjacent air photos so that the image appears three-dimensional. Learn from your instructor how to use a stereoscope. Study various images in the Aerial Stereogram book until you are comfortable using the stereoscopic glasses. We will study several image in detail. When using a stereoscope to study the image, read the accompanying captions and note the coordinate system along the edges of the photos. Use coordinates to locate features on the maps. Page 8 - Gros Ventre
Hess, D. (2011). Mcknight's Physical Geography; A Landscapes Appreciation. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc
In conclusion, the purpose of this lab was to decide if the sizes of the paper helicopters would have an effect on their descent times. One theory was that if the size of the paper rotocopter increases, then their descent time will also increase.To determine the results of this experiment certain procedural steps were followed. Firstly all five of the rotocopter were cut out, and folded on the dotted line, the paperclip was used to hold the flaps on the bottom of the
This allows geologists to study what’s happening and how geological processes work and progress through time.
Those living in a wildland urban interface area should consider the impacting risks associated with being there. "The wildland urban interface (WUI) has gained increasing importance as more Americans build homes in rural settings adjacent to public lands" (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, n.d., para. 1). With the amount of American population having interest in building their homes around these areas, leaving governing authorities a need to carefully review the impacting effect and risk
Questions and charts are from Geoscience Laboratory, 5th ed. (p. 155–167), by T. Freeman, 2009, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted with permission.
Land-use planning: The preparation of an overall master plan for future development of an area; the plan may recommend zoning restrictions and infrastructure both practical and appropriate for the community and its natural environment; based on mapping and classification of existing human activities and environmental conditions, including natural hazards.
As I recently drove on Interstate 80, from Colorado to Iowa, I could not help but think of John McPhee’s book Rising from the plains; and how from a different perspective a boring piece of land in the plains could reveal a rich history of geological cycles. McPhee is able to bring to life the study of geology in a way that is relatable by creating relationships between the landscape, people, and history through the use of transforming the same plot of land across eons of time. He uses several pages to discuss geology, followed by stories about the love family ranch as an overview of life on the very same plains four million years ago. This format for reading allows the author to build layers of science facts with story so that the humanistic element does not get distracted by the complex material. The reader develops a sense of the formation of the specific terms such as; the system, period, stage and age names, and thus overcomes the barrier of reading just geology facts. The passage for which all the specialized knowledge comes from is a man named David Love.
When I read this part I felt like everything started clicking for me. I began to understand why we were introduced to “tool maps” and the importance they have when teaching geography. In all of my years in school not once do I recall using a terrain model. Having had to sit through countless lessons accompanied by workbook questions, I am able to say that with the terrain model it was easier to understand and learn landforms than with pictures from a workbook or textbook. I believe that there is a difference when you learn landforms by looking at illustrations and learning their definitions than when you can interact and see it displayed in real life.
The Grid: This map includes a simplified version of a topographic map underneath. Unfortunately, it's hard to see in some areas that have multiple layers of color/symbols on top which defeats the purpose. The submap is highly detailed even though it’s not the main focus which can be distracting. A more straightforward way to show which counties/towns have what bedrock would be to make the names stand out more on the map. The legend partially solves this by including the location of the rocks in their description, but this doesn’t help if the location is completely obscured on the map’s body.
During undergraduate programs, students are more easily granted fieldwork access creating the realistic conditions Brown agues that a non-transparent dig creates. However as was shown when conducted at Adelphi University, the transparency of the boxes do not take away from the challenge or process of excavation rather it allows students to visualise a concept in a controlled setting without factoring natural disruptions as can be seen during excavations in the field. Thus while Browns activity does contain elements which I have incorporated, I have decided to stick with how this activity was conducted using the clear boxes to allow for a visual representation of a stratagraphic profile. This is a concept that is heavily incorporated into numerous activities almost all of which are aimed and children ranging from K2-14. By limiting these activities to children of this age, institutions are unable to build upon and apply more complex ideas and concepts as well as the analytical aspect of excavations and data recording. Concepts not normally covered under the national curriculum are studied in depth during undergraduate classes thus allowing for students to apply what they learn in class to a controlled and hands on activity. Further, the resources available to higher education institutions allow for instructors to take advantage of the resources not normally available. Further, lecturers have the flexibility of making these as simple or complex as they wish, all while being able to maintain some level of control over the excavation; something that cannot be done as easily when on site due to the unpredictable nature of fieldwork. Thus this should be seen as a
Economically, operators of the gas field have an incentive to maintain fractures in the gas producing shale. Extending the fractures into a surrounding formation might allow saline fluids or brines to enter the induced fracture and flow into the gas producing portion of the shale, which could significantly hamper gas production. Even if hydraulically induced fractures extend into overlying formations, the possibility for fluids to leak upward into an aquifer is remote, unless those fractures are also connected to some other pathway,
When we discuss the operational environment, all factors tie in to each other in some way. The physical environment and infrastructure, while intertwined, can sometimes leave items off the table when planning for the operational environment. As we see in our Lesson 2, Framing the Operational Environment1, culture is listed in every critical variable. Items of cultural interest can include tribal boundaries, religious burial grounds, and historically significant areas. These may not fall into the infrastructure category, but must be respected and taken into account when planning. Planners must take care to map out these culturally sensitive places to avoid potential conflict. The physical environment includes terrain analysis in order to avoid danger areas that could impede ingress and egress, choke points and defilades, climate and weather to name a few.
As a child, I relished in the days I spent playing outdoors. Whether it was digging in the dirt, collecting rocks, or catching frogs; the great outdoors was where I felt I could escape the monotony of everyday life. I recall spending my recesses digging into the side of a shallow dirt hill. With only a stick for a chisel, I would uncover the secrets the earth contained: fossils, precious gems, or forgotten artifacts. I later enjoyed learning about all the various types of rocks and minerals in my science classes. I wanted to learn about their origins, what they were composed of, and why some were more valuable than others. I, in fact, was very good at identifying them, and I took this challenging coursework head on. This, can all be said to be, the genesis of my interest in geology and what has made me aspire to pursue a career in the geosciences.
It tells them about the creation of structures and basins. It also helps them identify places where there are potential reservoirs or source rocks.
Watching Tony Stark controlling his Ironman suit to save the 13 passengers of the Air Force One from facing imminent deaths by free-falling at 30, 000 feet was one of the highlights of the Ironman 3 movie.