Aircraft Icing Essay

The purpose of the report is to assist Aircraft Solutions (AS) in indentifying the most significant Information Technology (IT) security vulnerabilities. AS products and services are at the forefront of the industry and the protection of such is very important as they are an industry leader. The vulnerabilities that will be discussed are the firewall configuration, virtualization of their

Ice starts as water that has a temperature of any degree above thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. Before water technically becomes water, which is the name of the liquid state, it starts as a gas called water vapor. After water vapor condenses because of a loss of energy, it is then in liquid phase of H2O, called water, which can then be broken down in the smallest unit; atoms.

Below freezing air is used to make snow and snowflakes. Moisture from lakes and oceans to form clouds.warm, rising air to form precipitation.

Road salts are salts that are applied on roadways that are covered in snow or ice for the purpose of de-icing and/or anti-icing of the road. There are quite a few different types ranging from sodium chloride (rock salt) to magnesium and calcium chloride. In anti-icing, they work by preventing bonding between the snow-ice and the road surface, and in de-icing the salt dissolves into the liquid water in the ice creating brine and lowers its freezing point (DOT). Brine is water saturated or almost saturated with salt. It has a lower freezing point than water. The brine loosens the ice or snow from the pavement so that the snow and ice is transformed into a slush to be plowed (DOT). This can be seen in the Figure 1 in the Appendix. (DOT). Since salt water still freezes at −18 °C (0 °F) (Sodium Chloride), it does not function properly when the

Precipitation Depending on the temperature, season, type of cloud, and other conditions, precipitation occurs when the water that has evaporated becomes so heavy the clouds cannot hold it anymore and it falls back to earth as rain, hail, sleet, or snow (The Water Cycle, 2009; Wilkinson, 2007).

In 1932, twelve railroad cars were properly insulated to handle dry ice in a successful test. Unfortunately, during this test there were eight cars built with mechanical refrigeration that proved to be more affective than the early dry ice cars. They found the dry ice to be more affective in the transport of ice cream. With a temperature of -114deg F, Breyers Ice Cream in 1927 found dry

The correct chemistry in the video is the snowman (Olaf) was letting out steam. The snow does not turn into steam but the water vapor in the atmosphere turns into a thick vapor that can be seen in the form of fog, as in the winter when blowing on the hands we notice the exit of water vapor when exhaling.

Cloud falls into is the precipitation category. “Water vapor, droplets of water suspended in the air, builds up in the Earth 's atmosphere. Water vapor in the atmosphere is visible as clouds and fog” (http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/condensation/). Precipitation the process when water is released from clouds in different types such as rain, snow, hail or sleet.

With even more weight, these lower layers of ice began to flow and move were slowly.

ice started to push against the boat and started to crack the wood of the boat. The metal of the

Frost Heave: To understand frost heaves, you first need to understand ice lenses. An ice lens forms when the groundwater is continually supplied to the upper layer of soil that is at freezing temperature. As water continues to flow to the ice lens, the lens grows upward toward the surface and lifts the soil, foundation, or pavement with it: a frost heave. This displacement of the surface above the lens can distort the ground and is a major cause for pothole creation during the winter. Frost heaves generally affect sidewalks or roads, but they can affect homes

Ice dams occur when there is hot air from the building hitting the roof, causing snow to melt. Once the snow melts but then the air causes it to freeze, you end up with ice on your roof. This prevents snow and rain from running off the roof properly, and can cause damage to the shingles

ice dams prevented by spray foam insulationIf your home does not have proper and effective attic insulation, heat can escape from the living space during the cold winter months. Heat is transferred from the living space and also generated from recessed light fixtures, air ducts, furnaces and other appliances and equipment located in the attic. This heat raises the roof temperature above the freezing point, causing the snow and ice on the roof to melt and flow downward.

During the winter season, large northern cities such as New York, Chicago, and New Hampshire, experience heavy snowfall. The abundance of snow and ice on roads can be a safety hazard for people driving on them, causing numerous problems such as cars sliding across the ice, getting stuck in high pile snow, and general crashes. To avoid these problems, de-icing materials are used to keep the public safe. Adding products with de-icing properties reduces the formation of hardpack snow, which is formed when snow and ice adhere to the pavement on roads. Once hardpack is formed, it is difficult to remove by general snow removing methods, including plowing.

They are known as rime and clear ice, and a mixture of the two is not uncommon. For rime ice to form, an aircraft needs to fly through an area of tiny super-cooled liquid drops. This super-cooled liquid is actually suspended in the cloud cover at temperatures already below freezing. Once the aircraft surface plows through this moisture, the drops are disrupted immediately adhere to and freeze before spreading out over the entire surface. This forms a rough and cloudy-white layer of ice known as rime. Even though the rime surface is rough and creates an airflow disturbance, it is lighter and easier to remove by deicing equipment than clear ice. For clear ice to form, larger sized super-cooled drops would need to be encountered. These larger droplets spread out over the surface and airfoils before freezing. This allows for the build-up of a clear, hard and slick layer of ice on the surface (Ahrens, 2009).