Essay on Ammonia Toxicity in Fish

Temperature had a direct effect on oxygen consumption of crayfish, Orconectes propinquus. Crayfish acclimated to warm temperature (20 to 25 C) had a mean mass of 8.25g +/- 1.05. Crayfish acclimated to cold temperature (3 to 5 C) had a mean mass of 10.61g +/- 0.77. Oxygen consumption rates of 30-60 minute treatments were used and there was no significant difference between the two different treatments (t=0.48, df=58, P=0.70). The data from 0-30 minutes were not used because the crayfish were disrupted by transportation and the data were not normally distributed. The Q10 value was 1.05, representing that there was full compensation for oxygen consumption for the crayfish at two different acclimated temperatures. The oxygen consumption of crayfish was not affected significantly by two different temperatures (Figure 1).

The main intention of this experiment is to distinguish whether the chemical Bisphenol A (BPA) has effects on Atlantic Croaker fish. Samples from Atlantic Croaker were taken from both tributaries, one being a Bisphenol A (BPA) free tributary, and the other being filled with Bisphenol A (BPA). In which data was recorded, analyzed, and had astonishing results. The results displayed that when the female Atlantic Croaker hepatic system were exposed to high dosages of Bisphenol A they showed physical abnormalities

Ruth Francis-Floyd, professor, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (College of Veterinary Medicine) and Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Ammonium is the form of nitrogen taken up most readily by phytoplankton because nitrate must first be reduced to ammonia before it is assimilated as amino acids in organisms (Geoscience Australia, 2013). The excessive level of certain nutrients in waterways is often linked to human activities.

By pumping sodium through the daphnias’ epithelial cytoplasm and passing to the hemolyph, is the organism’s major method for osmoregulation. The process of ion homeostasis ensures the survival of these osmoregulating aquatic organisms. These organisms maintain high body ion concentrations in freshwater and low concentrations in salt water; however, remain restricted to freshwater environments with concentrations lower than 1gL-1 due to the organisms body size determining the sensitivity of freshwater

Serotonin was the first neurotransmitter used. A stock solution of 1mM serotonin was obtained from the refrigerator and with blue tip micropipette, 1ml of solution was transferred to the container. The container with the crayfish was covered for five minutes to allow the neurotransmitter to equilibrate between the holding water and the animal’s hemolymph. The trace was started and the heart rate was recorded for five to ten minutes. Afterward the trace was stopped and the start and end of the serotonin heart rate trace was annotated. With the serotonin experiment finished, the holding water was replaced with 100ml of freshwater crustacean

The test subjects, O. rusticus crayfish, were collected from the White River.. Body length and body weight were measured with the use of a measuring tape and a gram scale. The rate of oxygen consumption was studied by the use of intermittent closed respirometry with a Q-box AQUA device. This was conducted by measuring the amount of dissolved oxygen present in the water chamber without removing the organism from the container so as to demonstrate the amount of oxygen consumed by the crayfish over a given set of time. By periodically measuring the amount of oxygen present in the water at an interval of twice per second, the rate of oxygen consumption can be

The high growth rate leads to depletion in the amounts of available oxygen in the water and thus, a death of some marine organisms. Also, uncontrolled growth of microalgae can lead to shading of benthic zone changing the life conditions for benthos (Erdner et al.,2008). The produced DA does not make harm to the invertebrates. However, it acts as a neurotoxin in vertebrates, binding to kainite-type ionotropic glutamate neuroreceptors (Tatters, Fu, & Hutchins, 2012). The toxin accumulates in molluscs and undergoes bioconcentration effect when passed through the food chains. In the result, marine fish, birds and mammals die of

The purpose of this experiment is to perform a procedure known as SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in order to determine protein profiles for seven fish species: Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The gel electrophoresis separates the fish muscle proteins according to their molecular weights, which allows one to determine a profile for each specie.

The purpose of this lab report is to determine the effects of a different environment condition such as temperature on the consumption of oxygen and ventilation in goldfishes (Carassius auratus). The consumption of oxygen and ventilation rate was measured in goldfishes at different treatment levels inside the tanks; ~ 25°C and ~15°C in a 15 minute time interval for one hour. At ~ 25°C, the ventilation rates in the goldfishes were higher than at ~ 15°C and there was more oxygen consumption at ~ 15°C than at ~ 25°C. The results suggest that the ventilation rate is greater in high temperature than low temperature. Also, there is more oxygen consumption at lower temperature than at higher temperatures. This experiment shows that temperature is

The second neurotransmitter family includes amino acids, compounds that contain both an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH) and which are also the building blocks of peptides and proteins. The amino acids known to serve as neurotransmitters are glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids, all present in all proteins, and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), produced only in brain neurons. Glutamic acid and GABA are the most abundant neurotransmitters within the central nervous system, particularly in the cerebral cortex; glutamic acid tends to be excitatory and GABA inhibitory. Aspartic acid and glycine subserve these functions in the spinal cord (Cooper, Bloom, and Roth 1996).

Pollution of our environment is a big issue in today's world. I thought I would focus on one aspect of this by looking at the effects of salt pollution on duckwed. Hopefully by finding out more about our effects on the environment we can discover ways to preserve it.

This article discusses the role of GnRH in the development of cinnamon clownfish. GnRH play a significant role in the reproduction and sex change . fish have five different types of GnRH genes with different peptides that are structurally different, and therefore functionally different, because of their varying beta structure. Using varying transcriptors and rapid amplification the researches found the specific GnRH gene in clownfish. The mRNA was measured, along with plasma estradiol levels in the immature fish. GnRH, GTH, and other neurohormones act together simultaneously to regulate production in the clownfish,

Protein purification is a process that can be employed to separate a single protein from a larger starting material which may be anything from an organ to a cell. Isolating a purified protein from a larger fraction enables further analysis such as determination of amino acid sequence, potential biological function, and even evolutionary relationship. (Cuatrecasas 1970) In this experiment, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase will be purified, this enzyme is found extensively in human cells and catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, an essential part in energy production. LDH is a key part of anaerobic energy production especially within glycolysis in which LDH catalyzes the conversion of the reverse reaction, pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ from NADH, reproducing the oxidized form of the coenzyme which can be used for oxidative respiration. (Markert 1963) Due to the fact that number of purification steps correlates with the purity of the protein multiple purification techniques will be used to isolate a pure form of LDH. LDH will be isolated from a larger “cytosol” fraction collected from a homogenized rat liver in a previous fractionation exercise. Of the procedures that will be used to isolate and purify proteins from a larger fractionate are a set of techniques collectively known as chromatography. These techniques all have the same premise, in that they consist of a stationary phase, also known as the

After 3 days in the diluted seawater the crab’s haemolymph Sodium levels were significantly lower (p<0.001) than the crabs stored in full strength seawater as seen in figure 3. There was no significant difference between the mean haemolymph Sodium values of the three dilutions at 75%, 50% and 25%.