Analysis Of Hemostatic Agents And Their Applications

As expected, with war comes extensive injuries. During WWI, it took a wounded soldier about 24 hours to travel from the battlefield to a hospital. Many times, the soldiers did not live through that excruciating 24 hours. The wounds inflicted on many soldiers led to the development of new medical techniques and improvements (iWonder 2015). The quickly rising death toll during WWI led to the creation of blood transfusion techniques. Prior to WWI, blood transfusions were nearly impossible without cross-matching blood types. An article published by Medical History argues that, “Though the technique (blood transfusions) caused several deaths, it did save dozens of other men, proving its lifesaving

The market of human blood transfusions is broken down into different uses: Elective Surgery, Emergency Surgery and Trauma. However, Hemopure seems to be suitable only for trauma cases due to its characteristics and, again, high price. To understand the reason, it is important to notice that, actually, only 10% of the 500,000 trauma victims receives RBCs “in the field” or at the site of accident, and the remaining 95% of these people does not receive transfusions until they arrive at the hospital. This delay was often cited as a major factor to the 20,000 trauma deaths. Therefore, since the expected market share for Biopure is 25% and assuming that the total blood transfusions remain stable, the potential market size for Hemopure is approximately $350,000,000. This size is based on an average price of $700 multiplied by 2,000,000 units (around 4 blood units are needed for each Trauma case).

- Coagulation inhibitors and Fibrinolysis : to Localize thrombus on injury and Prevent new thrombus formation.

A small step of adding a first aid kit with a hemostat could save the life of you or one of your loved ones. Keeping a first aid kit in each car, travel gear, home and at work is the best practice and best way to save a life.

it is often used to help prevent heart attacks, strokes and blood clots because of its antiplatelet effect

Managing active hemorrhage is a particular challenge to the anesthesiologist due to derangements in hemodynamics, coagulopathy and electrolytes. These are further complicated by anesthesia, operational exposure and the need for intravascular volume support during resuscitation. In addition, the anesthesiologist must attempt to prevent post-operative morbidity, especially concerning end-organ dysfunction in patients with at-risk cardiovascular, neurovascular, pulmonary, hepatic or renal function.

Patients with bleeding disorders such as hemophilia have been using this drug for a long time and now its use in emergency conditions is becoming common. Tranexamic acid has been the core of various studies and trials. It has been in post-traumatic and post-surgical conditions. In various cases tranexamic acid also reduced transfusion requirements associated with surgery. Its application also reduced blood loss in gynecological bleeding disorders, such as heavy menstrual bleeding or menorrhagia and postpartum hemorrhage. It can be concluded that tranexamic acid is tolerated among masses. Most studies and trials have proved that it is a potent, effective, reliable and cheap anti-fibrinolytic agent. Its uses in emergency scenarios proves to be amazing as it is responsible in providing mortality. Its role in emergency situations such post-combat trauma are commendable. The drug has proved to be a life savior in many surgical procedures as well. It can also be administered in surgeries to counter blood loss. Furthermore, it can be concluded that keeping all of the magnitudes of trauma in mind, tranexamic acid can avoid death by trauma or excessive bleeding. Even though it is a useful agent further studies are required on international basis to understand the drug and its attributes

In addition, we will also document length of stay, compare mobility status in both groups,

All paramedic cases are broken down into two basic categories, medical and trauma. Treating trauma patients is an integral part of a paramedic’s job. Many trauma cases such as motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and work place injuries can involve moderate to severe blood loss. There is a lot of research being done in the field of fluid resuscitation for trauma patients, but what is the most appropriate fluid? A current, cost effective solution is the use of basic crystalloid fluid. However, the use of fluids does not replace the blood cells and plasma lost due to hypovolaemia. Therefore, the research discussed here will focus on the feasibility and effectiveness of packaged red blood cells (pRBC) on emergency service vehicles to service patients in trauma related incidents.

Controversy exists regarding the safety and efficacy of readministering an unwashed shed blood product. Postoperative unwashed blood salvage has been utilized in a

Most of the researchers compared the use of blood conserving apparatus in relation preserved H&H and decrease in transfusion requirement, and majority of them found the use of blood saving apparatus conserves H&H (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010; Peruzzi et al.,

Heparin is astonishing because of its variability. Chemically, it is an assemblage of fragments each one of which have contrasting molecular weights and the respective modes of action. The most imperative action of heparin is its interference in the coagula¬tion cascade. This polysaccharide comprises chains containing one to four uronic acid fragments and d-glucosamine (Casu, 1989). The molecular weight of heparin may range from 3,000 Da to 30,000 Da, with an average value of 15,000 Da (Hirsh, 1991). Among these numbers, nearly one third is characterized by a unique pentasaccharide, which is necessitous for binding to antithrombin, thus intensifying the thrombin and activated factor X inhibition (Lam et al., 1976). A superfluous anticoagulant action of heparin originates due to heparin cofactor II activation, which is less potent and usually requires higher systemic con¬centrations of heparin. The residue of the heparin molecule does not retain any anticoagulant action. The chief anticoagulant activity is dependent on the number of oligosaccharide (pentasaccharide) fragments that openly alter the molecular weight of the effectual agent. Commonly, heparin acts on distinct levels of the coagulation cascade. Its actions can be illustrated to be as anti-coagulative, anti-thrombotic,

Many bioactive peptides are found in amphibian skins but no anti-platelet peptide is identified. Here, an anti-platelet peptide ZDPI was purified and characterized from skin secretions of the frog, Amolops loloensis. The sequence of ZDPI was determined to be as FRGCWTKNYSPKPCL-NH2 by Edman degradation. It is composed of 15 amino acid residues including two cysteines, which form an intra-molecular disulfide bridge. BLAST search indicates that ZDPI belongs to antimicrobial peptide family of ranacyclin, peptide leucine arginine or odorranain. ZDPI showed ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP in a dose-dependent manner. So far as we know, this is the first report of anti-platelet peptides from amphibian skin

A transfusion reaction is the body’s systemic response to the administration of blood. Causes for transfusion reactions can include red cell incompatibility; allergic response due to leukocytes, platelets, plasma protein components of transfused blood, or the anticoagulant (potassium or citrate preservatives) used to store the blood, just to name a few. Symptoms, prevention, and treatment will be discussed for the following transfusion reactions: Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO), Transfusion-Related Acute Long Injury (TRALI), Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions, Anaphylaxis and Allergic Transfusion Reactions, and Febrile Transfusion Reactions.

Antipyretic diminishes fever Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor in lower dosages, ibuprofen can keep hazardous blood clumps from shaping, so is utilized protectively to decrease the possibility of a heart assault or stroke. (It can likewise work the other way and increment the shot of genuine seeping in a few people).