Analysis Of The Article ' Wall Street Journal Reporter ' Calvin Lee

One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on an Alabama city bus, sparking the yearlong Montgomery bus boycott. “

The setting is a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. The event happened in1955. The characters are Mr. Joe Singleton,, Rev. Scott, Miss Louise Bennett, Jacob & Junie ( fraternal twins, fourteen) and Mrs. Rosa Parks, a seamstress, a symbol of knitting the difficult with the beautiful; intertwining a private experience with a history of racism and injustice. As a seamstress, she is represented by these words: “fabric, thread, collars, hems, buttonholes; bias, pins, cut; pieced & sewn; stitch, pants, shirts, socks and shirts, darned; well-made, well-sewn clothes; pressed sleeve; a thimble ( a symbol if protection), hem, … pins, parted lips, stitch, clenched teeth”. The bus and the door are symbolic; both are referential to the segregation practices exercised everywhere. The driver “drives off”, “pulls off” and “puts off. The door is “open” to the white and colored riders; however, colored people, who are paid-in-full-customers, are denied equal access to the bus. Verbs such as: “get off”, “walk”, “reboard”, “push” and “repeat”

Discrimination of the blacks was a dilemma without a care to be resolved. Separation of whites from the darker complected people is what caused rebellions and outrage throughout communities, throughout the nation. “Whites sit in the front, blacks sit in the back,” this is the main reason that Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, which cause African Americans to boycott against the buses. You are black, you do not have the same rights as we do.” and out of fear, out of lack of courage, the African Americans obeyed their orders. Then one day, a man asked Rosa Parks to stand or head towards the rear of the bus so he may have a seat in the front where white men and women would sit. She refused to stand, and she did not move; she sat ignoring the commands of a “superior white male.” Rosa Parks began a movement after her actions got her arrested; known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This act of civil disobedience of a single female caught the attention of many, causing plenty to refuse to do as the signs announced, and causing many to walk to work rather than ride the bus. The blacks no longer felt obligated to listen to the signs and the laws which were bizarre yet politely rude. White people were not superior, and it was now that the African Americans were realizing they deserved equality.

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, one of the leaders of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People [NAACP] refused to give up her seat to a white person on a segregated city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, despite being reprimanded by the driver (Schulke 166). Montgomery, Alabama was known for its terrible treatment of blacks. The buses in particular had been a source of tension between the city and black citizens for many years (Schulke, 167). As a result of refusing to give up her seat, Rosa Parks was arrested. Rosa Parks' popularity among the black community, proved to be the spark that ignited the non-violent Civil Rights Movement (Norrell 2).

During the 1950's African Americans were technically equal in the eyes of the law, but not to most of the southern citizens. Segregation was a time of division between whites and African Americans in regards to bathrooms, public amenities, schools etc.&t all of the country was like this, the occupants ofnorthern America were open and not as racist towards African Americans. In 1955, African Americans obligated by Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinance to sit in the back city buses and to give up their seats to white people ifthe front half ofthe bus was full. On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was going home from her job on the Cleveland Avenue bus. She was seated in

As a few white passengers boarded the bus and the white sections were already full so the driver shouted back at four black people including Rosa Parks “Move y'all, I want those two seats”. As this demand was made by the driver 3 of the bus riders obeyed to what was shouted back, however Rosa Parks remained in her seat and was determined not to move. She was arrested following the bus drivers order and fined ten dollars. This, however small incited a great wave of bus boycotts which in Montgomery black people chose not to ride the bus for a period of 381 days. This still to date is known as the moment in which the civil rights movement started to gain headway. It was the will of one woman who decided it was time for black people to take a stand and from this point on Martin Luther King was assigned to take this boycott on. Although he was assigned to take this on people also felt as he was young, fresh and people had not formulated enough of an opinion of him, there was little room for him to be hated yet so he posed as the right figure to lead this. After the many days of boycotting the case of this transport issue in Alabama went to the Supreme Court. Here it was decided that segregation was declared as unconstitutional so segregation by law was no

On Thursday evening December 1, 1955, Rosa boards a Montgomery City Bus to go home after a long day working as a seamstress. She walks back to the section for blacks, and takes a seat. The law stated that they could sit there if no White people were standing. Rosa parks never liked segregation rules and has been fighting against them for more than ten years in the NAACP, but until then had never broke any of the unjust rules. As the bus stops at more places, more white people enter the bus, all the seats in the “White Only” section was filled and the bus driver orders Rosa’s row to move to the back of the bus, they all moved, accept Rosa. She was arrested and fined for violating a city regulation. This act of defiance began a movement that ended legal Segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom devoted people everywhere.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. The law said that black people had to sit in the back of the bus while the the white people sat in the front. Bus drivers often referred to black people on the bus as nigger, black cow, or black ape. Blacks had to pay in the front of the bus and they had to get off to go threw the side door to sit in the back.

Black Americans were second class citizens ensured by the structure of southern society pre-1955. The southern states had white only restaurants, white only rest zones in bus centers etc. Montgomery, Alabama, buses were segregated with specific areas on a bus reserved for white customers and other seats for black costumers. After a full days work, Rosa Parks got a bus home. The bus was “full” in the sense that all the seats for white Americans were in use. Parks was seated in a seat for Black Americans, a white man got on board and found that there were no open “white” seats. The bus

Since the Supreme Court case of Plessy Vs Ferguson way back in 1892, which ruled the separation of blacks and whites constitutional as long as all public facilities provided were “separate but equal,” the United States had been segregated. As with all other public facilities at the time, the busses in Montgomery Alabama were also subject to this segregation, and it wasn’t until 1956 with the beginning of what became to be known as the “Montgomery Bus

In the New York Time Article by Timothy William, Inquiry to Examine Racial Bias in the San Francisco Police Department, first thing to remember known as implied social perception, implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. Another key point of argument is that there is no systematic bias in the criminal justice base on race. To point out, in performing their policing duties, police officer are able to exercise a high degree of discretion. This means that they have a have a broad freedom to make a decision about how to act on the given situation. For this reason some police officer deliberately use their wide power of discretion and their authority to perform acts of misconduct. In this article it is generally agreed that discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin is morally wrong and a violation of the principle of impartiality. In fact impartiality principles requires that those who are equal be treated equally based on similarities, and that race not be a relevant consideration in the assessment. However, in May, District Attorney George Gascon appointed a three-judge body of distinguished jurists to look into bias in the department following a series of misconduct scandals, the most troubling being a group of police officers who were caught sending racist text messages. Now, the scope, aim, participants and timeline of the ongoing investigation have been revealed in a series

A June 2016 report by Mother Jones reporter Shane Bauer, who worked as a prison guard for four months to research his article, says that one fifth of prison inmates have been physically assaulted by another prisoner or a guard. Between 3% and 9% of male inmates say they have been sexually assaulted behind bars suggesting that up to 180,000 current inmates may have been sexually assaulted of which only 8,800 cases have been officially reported. Women, who form 7% of the total prison population, have higher figures for sexual victimization. Some 22% of all cases of inmate-on-inmate and 33% of staff-on-inmate sexual assaults are on women (Bauer, 2016).

“Jim Crow” laws dictated that a black person must surrender their seat to a white person if there were no other seats available, and stand at the back of the bus. In December 1955; Rosa Parks refused to do this, and was arrested and fined $10. Her friends and family, led by Martin Luther King (who would later become leader of the Civil Rights Movement), immediately started a twenty-four hour bus boycott in response, and found it so successful that it was decided they would continue until the bus company agreed to seat customers on a first-come basis. Many black people became involved with the boycott, and as black passengers made up 75% of the bus company’s business it proved to be enormously damaging. The boycott attracted more black people to the civil rights movement.

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks made history in her hometown of Montgomery, Alabama (Baggett, 2016). Alabama, amongst many other southern states, enforced segregation in public places. Rosa Parks boarded a bus after a long day of work at the local department store and paid the white bus driver her regular fare. The bus was full, as it normally was at this time of day, and Rosa took her seat at the front of the black section of the bus (Sanders, 2006, p. 3). Black passengers were advised to yield to white passengers if the front half of the white section was full. The bus driver began to drive and eventually made another stop at the next station. White passengers began to board the bus and took all the remaining white seats at the front of the bus; however, there was one man left standing. The bus driver asked Rosa and the other passengers beside her to vacate

In an ever changing world we have seen the number and complexity of languages become reduced. In a Wall Street Journal article entitled What the World Will Speak in 2115, John H. McWhorter advocates for the world to see these changes as necessary and a way for communication worldwide to become more efficient and simplified. McWhorter shows how language has been streamlined for centuries as a way for citizens to adapt rather than viewed as an extinction of culture. Modern English is likely to become the dominant language worldwide but more so for the fact that it can be easily learned and is open to transformation with the times. Despite the fears of a world where lingual diversity is reduced, McWhorter suggests that there will still be variation to promote culture and communication with people from all backgrounds will be easier. The following is a summary and analysis of McWhorter’s main points describing the simplification of language. Following the summary of main points will be a hypothetical situation in what the world language could consist of 100 years from now.