Ap Biology Chapter 1 Summary

The Orrorin tugenensis was found with thigh bones. And the Orrorin tugenensis had small teeth like the Australopithicus.

|(2 marks) | |c. |State two symptoms that may have led the veterinarian to suspect that George was suffering from a thyroid hormone |

Judging by the image of the magazine cover, this chapter will cover fossils as well as evolution. Perhaps it will talk about how land and water organisms are similar.

* Palindromic: cut at the same base sequence on each strand, but in the opposite direction

tells me how I breath, eat, use my brain, etc. The decisions I make all reflect around

Predominant life fuel resource changed during the body development. ATP is mainly sourced from glucose at fetal phase, then gradually shift to fatty acid metabolism after birth. Studies proved that individuals born with a low birth weight (LBW) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life, which glucose transport and related metabolism involved. In this paper, author use the lamb as the IUGR model, tried to find out the effect of changes in the intrauterine environment that result in LBW on key regulatory proteins involved in cardiac glucose metabolism, glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism.

The process of two layers of tissue skin came together and fused to create teeth leads to all the other skin related features such as the feathers, hair, fur and breast. The written instruction to create teeth for humans and fish is the very similar with elements of the protein enamel, dentine, and the pulp present in all teeth.

My AP Biology class is what started my desire to pursue biochemistry. In fact, it was a specific experiment. We infused jellyfish DNA into yeast plasmid and when we turned off the lights the Petri disks in everybody's hands glowed. It was mind-boggling to see that the blueprints to life could be manipulated and translated to completely different species.

The author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils because amphibians that look dissimilar to fish were discovered in 365 million year old rocks, while fish without amphibian characteristics were discovered in 385 million year old rocks. Thus, it is possible that the evolutionary intermediary, or the “missing link” between fish and amphibians, would be discovered in 375 million year old rocks, between the two time periods. The rocks examined were sedimentary in composition, as the gradual and relatively gentle formation of sedimentary rock under conditions of mild pressure and low heat are conducive to the fossilization of animal remains. Sedimentary rock is also often formed in rivers and seas, where animals are likely to live. This site provides a resource that describes means by which fossils are formed and how the fossil record may be interpreted, and shows some examples of fossils demonstrating evolution through geological periods: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossilrecord.htm. In 2004, Shubin and his colleagues were looking for fossils on Ellesmere Island, in northern Canada. This location was chosen because of its lack of human development, as well as of obstructing natural formations and life forms such as trees, which

Nicoloas Steno was working as an anatomist (expert in anatomy) in Italy when someone brought him, what we know now to be a shark, to dissect. While he was dissecting the shark, Steno realized that the shark’s teeth and what they called “tongue stones,” looked very much alike. Were they indeed the same thing? Steno concluded that they were and that the fossils did belong to living animals. His next question would be; how did it go from a tooth out of a shark’s mouth to a stone tooth that is found on the ground and above the water? In this quest to find out how this occurred, Steno made the discovery of what is now called the “Law of Superposition,” which means: “A general law stating that in any sequence of sediments or rocks that has not

Chlorophyll- a green pigment, present in all green plants responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

In the more recent Miocene era and Pliocene era, approximately 16 to 2.5 million years ago, the Carcharocles megalodon roamed the world’s oceans (Pimiento & Clements, 2014). A complete C. megalodon skeleton was never discovered, but a trend in size increase along the megatooth lineage suggests that the species could have reached a length of up to 60 feet (Pimiento & Balk, 2015). This makes the C. megalodon the largest shark known in existence. In addition, typical adult C. megalodon teeth measured 15 centimeters in length (Bendix-Almgreen, 1983). A closer analysis of the teeth reveals a serrated crown with approximately 13 nodules per centimeter (Bendix-Almgreen, 1983). The size and morphology of a C. megalodon tooth indicates that the species

Congenitally missing teeth is one of the most common dental developmental anomaly in human beings. It was described in many terms according to the number of missing teeth or due to the etiology. These terms include: Hypodontia, oligodontia, anodontia, agenesis of teeth. The term hypodontia is the most common used , even so it does not describe the cause of the missing teeth so it is preferable to point to congenitally missing teeth or agenesis of teeth as it clearly shows that it is developmentally (1).

1. Sedimentary rocks are made from different pieces of rocks and sediments. This happened through the process of erosion and weathering. Every now and then animals get buried under sediments and formed with the rock. As the tissues decay, the bone stay preserved in the rock because of the carbon that release from the corpse. Sedimentary rocks can tell scientists about the fossil's habitat by the size and formation of the rock. For example, one direction ripple marks indicate that the rock formed under a river while ripple marks that move back and forth indicate the rock is formed in an ocean. If a fossil is found in a rock that has one direction ripple marks it is most likely that the animal might have once lived in a river.

There is a high degree of genetic conservation between oral teeth and skin denticles —hard structures found on the outer surface of the shark. A deviation from this conservation is the expression of sox2 in teeth. The lack of the sox2 gene in skin denticles correlates with the lack of the regenerative capacity that is present in teeth. Sox2 is expressed in a band of epithelium from which both teeth and anteriormost taste-buds emerge. Taste buds, which predate the evolution of teeth, are constantly regenerated in all vertebrates and the emergence of teeth and taste buds from the same sox2-expressing region implies that the evolutionary precursors of the regenerative properties of shark teeth are related to the evolutionary precursors of the regenerative properties of shark taste buds. The combination of the gene regulatory network for odontodes (teeth and skin denticles) with the sox2 gene regulatory network for taste buds may have resulted in the evolution of regenerative teeth in the