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Application And User Granted Permissions

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2.2.4 Application-defined and user-granted permissions The sandboxing provides an absolute secure environment for each application, while such application is not quite useful since it can only access itself data. To make it useful, some more information has to be provided to them. In this case the permission mechanism was developed to allow applications access to hardware devices, Internet connectivity, data, or OS services. Applications must request permissions by defining them explicitly in the AndroidManifest.xml file [2]. For example, an application that needs to read incoming SMS messages should specify in this xml file: Android currently supports more than one hundred permissions in total, which can be categorized into four types: [ ] Permission type Description "normal" The default value. A lower-risk permission that do not ask for the user 's explicit approval. "dangerous" A higher-risk permission that gives permit to private user data or control over the device; needs user 's explicit approval. "signature" A permission that only give to applications that are signed with the system certificate, not for normal apps. "signatureOrSystem" A permission that the system grants only to applications that are in the Android system image or that are signed with the same key as the application that declared the permission. Table 1 Android permission categories Before Android 6.0 Marshmallow, all permissions requests are inspected at installation, a user can choose

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