Archeology Chapter 2 Summary

Evidence of almost 100 of the stones has revealed without the need to excavate the site, due to remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar and geographical imaging technologies. These advancements in science and technology allow researchers to discover the historical monuments full extent. Fragments of bones, stones and the foundation pits in which they were situated have all been uncovered during excavations and technological mapping indicating the true size and importance the site was to the Neolithic

Diatomite is a rock that forms from the silica cell walls of a group of unicellular algae known as diatoms. Diatoms are found in both fresh water and salt water. When they die, their cell walls dissolve under water and become compacted over time into diatomite. The fossilization rock, may have fossil remains of many kinds of plants preserved within it. Amber is considered a mineral that is used as a gem but is less valuable than precious stones. Amber or semiprecious stones is the fossilized resin produced by earlier cone-bearing evergreen trees. Before resins harden, floral parts, pollen grains, fungal spores, and other plant parts may become trapped and be preserved. Amber is valued for jewelry and as fossils mainly from two parts of the world, the region of northern Europe and the Dominican Republic. When describing different types of fossilization, specific qualities of the fossil are used. A two-dimensional with organic material is called compressions. The physical 3-D structure is compressed to one or two-dimensions. Peat, lignite, and coal are compressions of thick plant debris of covered mineral sediment. Impressions are two-dimensional imprints lacking organic material. If the sediment is grained, impressions may show detailed external forms of the plant. Casts and models is a three-dimensional that has a surface layer of organic material. A cast is made when sediment is deposited into cavities left by the decay of plant parts. A mold is a cavity left in the sediment by the decayed plant tissue. Molds are usually unfilled, or partly filled with sediment. Casts and molds may be found together with the cast filling the mold. Permineralizations are also three-dimensional with plant tissue being infiltrated by mineral-rich fluid. The internal structure of the plant is preserved in three dimensions. Lastly, molecular fossils are non-structural and preserves organic

They sift every spoonful of earth, and they map in 3-D where each scrap of bone, corn, pottery, and shell bead comes from. They even keep track of where the dirt changes color.Cahokia Mounds State ,where a mystery was partly solved when workers at another dig a few miles away found a bald cypress log three feet in diameter in such a hole. The "bathtubs" were post pits, shaped to make it possible to ease huge posts into them. It soon became clear that the prehistoric "Cahokians" had indeed designed and put in place a circle of posts. And not just any circle: if you stood at its center on the mornings of the spring and fall equinoxes (usually March 21 and September 21 in our calendar), you would see the sun rise from behind a post. It 's lucky for us that Mississippian culture survived Cahokia 's decline and abandonment around 1300 and was still around in 1539, when Hernando de Soto tried to conquer what is now the

Modern scientific methods and testing have made it possible for both historians and archaeologists and also

The artifacts and features left behind at Fort Tombecbe is archeology because, they provide a visual aid of things that once belonged to a no longer existing culture. Since the people who lived during that time period is no longer alive the remaining on their prosessions can tell use what life may have been like for them.

Paleopathological findings indicate the presence of tumors through animals well before prehistoric times. Steven Hajdu explains that written descriptions of cancer date back to the Egypt, Byzantine and other Indo-European civilizations where medicine men attempted to cure it using herbal remedies and did not hesitate to use concoctions of iron, copper, sulfur and mercury (1), elements known for its toxic nature. Failing to treat the diseases because of both the lack of knowledge of the human anatomy and DNA or proper equipment, they would claim that the wrath of God had struck upon the ill patient. Medicine Men of this time also did not strive to further study cancer since mortality rates were low due to lack of food, clean water and constant

Finding an arrowhead is a dream every child has held at one time or another. The ones who hold that dream the longest become archaeologists. Studying the lithic material from a site can seem tedious and dull, but the information that can be gleaned from it is invaluable. The type of lithic material can provide insight into the lifestyle, tool production, trading habits, and a possible time period of habitation. We aimed to discover some of this information from the items recovered during the two weeks of excavation at the East Carolina University Summer Ventures Archaeological Field Methods class.

Both Australian Fossil Mammal Site and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump are considered archeological sites which have unique challenges in comparison to other heritage sites. Conserving archaeological sites in urban environments includes two perspectives: the challenges of preserving archaeological sites in densely populated areas and the study of the evolution of the settlement itself. Both perspectives are essential in preserving the relationship between individual sites and the settlement as a whole.6 Conserving archaeological sites in urban environments, can be of large efforts. Australian Fossil Mammal Sites and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump on the other hand do not need to be concerned about this dilemma due to their large proximity to civilization. Also since the large distance from the sites to civilization these heritage site avoid another large challenge some heritage sites face. Having a heritage site close to highly populated area often need to deal with pollution, new constructions, upgrades for public works and intensive traffic.6 Another potential challenge all heritage sites face is lack of interest and funding. It is important to maintain stakeholders for each site to generate interest and provide funding for proper archeological site maintenance. The World Heritage Convention states the biggest challenge for historical sites is funding and technical assistance.9 One of the most important challenges is for future World Heritage cultural landscapes to be better used as a tool for regional development and poverty eradication.9 Maintenance is an important part of the Preservation process. Regular maintenance will preserve character defining elements and extend the service life of functional components.6 As the conservation challenges increase, as sites face the impact of global processes, UNESCO will have to rethink and reshape

Since the beginning of time, art historians and archeologists have had the daunting task of endlessly solving a universal puzzle. Naturally, placing every misplaced artifact within a timeline is crucial in understanding past civilizations. As a reminder of fallen empires and mythical stories told throughout time, these long-lost pieces discovered provide insight of their fundamental its usage. The intention is to provide proof of its function and the similar objects through regional

The purpose of a Stage 3 assessment is to asses the cultural heritage value or interest of each archaeological site identified in a Stage 2 assessment, to determine whether it has been sufficiently documented or if further measures are required to protect or document the site fully. In the case of this Stage 3 assessment, two sites will be considered. Site 1 is a small pre-contact site located on a prominent sandy knoll in a ploughed field. Site 2 is a large pre-contact site located in a ploughed field. Both sites suggest pre-contact habitation as a result of having found pre-contact artefacts on the subject properties. The objectives will be to determine the extent of the archaeological site and the characteristics of the artefacts, to collect a representative sample of artefacts, to assess the cultural heritage value or interest of the archaeological site, and to determine the need for mitigation of development impact and recommend appropriate strategies for mitigation and future conservation. For the purpose of this Stage 3 proposal, I

fossils, burial sites, caves, and other sources of information. It is important to learn about

Anthropogenic materials refer to anthropogenic deposits that are the by-products of human activity such as manufacturing, mining, construction, and the waste disposal or the creation of landfills. Materials manufactured by humans such as glass, plastics, or metal alloys are geological markers of a new era because they have never been seen before in the earth’s history. These are permanent geological markers which indicate migration of peoples and the changes in human history. Therefore they are representative of a new era in which humankind have started to alter their environment for their own benefit instead of adapting to the existing environment to survive. These markers are also indicative of a new era of innovation, the creation of materials previously non-existent i.e plastics, show that humans have altered resources and materials to create their own environment most favourable to them through the use of new technology and tools. These materials will be preserved and will be able to help future generations distinguish different time periods of human existence and the various geological status of the earth. Therefore, it is only logical to begin to classify a new era beginning at the time where these materials have begun to make their way into the stratigraphy of the

Archeology has been a great discovery that has contributed to our knowledge of American history because if it wasn’t for all the physical remains of the past we wouldn’t be able to have a comprehensive understanding of the culture in previous times, or the story itself of how everything happened and became to be. All the American history we know as we do is because of all the evidences that prove the past existence, life, culture, intentions, and differences between people.

Just imagine, there is nothing left to look at. Scientists have taken every artifact to research, disturbed those who lost their lives, and destroyed our Earth. Is this how you want to find out more about history? That's why scientists should keep artifacts where they found them. Instances where Peru has felt incomplete without artifacts, destruction of the RMS Titanic, and places in Iraq are being ruined from archeological sites are just a few examples of the harmful effects archeologists have put on humankind.

• The study of the past based on recovering and identifying artifacts and making inferences about those who left these artifacts is called Archaeology .