Ascend: The National Association Of Asian American Professionals

Chapter one of the The Contemporary Asian American Experience: Beyond the Model Minority, provides a great overview of the Asian American immigration history to U.S. and the aspects leading to the arrival of refugees from Asian countries. Since the early 1800s, hundreds of thousands of Asians have been migrating to America. As with many other immigrants, they were viewed as low class workers. Asian immigrants had very dangerous and low paid jobs that the majority of whites did not want to do. As a result, many white employers took advantage and exploited them. What strikes me the most is that Asian Americans participated in very important jobs but they were not recognized for their crucial contribution to the prosperity of the United States.

There are many Asian Americans working in all fields in the United States, but a few of them ever reach the leadership position in their given field, and those who do eventually get to leadership position face significant challenges and break extreme barriers to get there. Asian Americans hold majority of positions in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics related careers, however, a very few of them hold leadership positions in those very fields and industries. This literature review will explore the existence of the Glass Ceiling for Asian Americans and the barriers they face in various fields and industries- from research and academia to the corporate world.

The accounting system we use today started in Venice in renaissance period over 520 years ago. The trade business increased hugely during this time and all the financial recordings had to be written down to help people see how their business is doing. During that time in 1494 the first book about was published in accounting by Luca Paciolli and was called “The Collected Knowledge of Arithmetic, Geometry, Proportion and Proportionality”. He was called “The father of Accounting” and most of his described principles have been used up until this day.

When talking about accounting, the first thing we should know is the history of its development. Traditionally, the development is from inductive to deductive. Inductive theory assume what is done by the majority is the most appropriate practice. However, It did not seek to evaluate the logic or merit of

Although Dr. Sue described the challeneges working with Asian-American (AA) because it may involved family therapy and social problems--I think otherwise. Being around many Asian families, I do not see much of the family hierarchical expectation or the require of certain education majors as it used to in the past. My opionin is as Asians become progressively more exposed to the standards of, norms, and values of the American society, cumulative assimillation and acculturation are frequently the result.

Accounting is specifically “a system by which economic information is identified, recorded, summarized and reported for the use of decision makers”; however, accounting involves interpretation and analyzing of all financial information, including taxing, personal financial information and investment (Alba, Bathija, & Thonton, 2005). Accounting is defined as the language of business, in that it specifically records the financial data that is required for businesses to operate both efficiently and effectively. Modern accounting includes

Accounting is the social science that studies, measures, analyzes and records the heritage of organizations, businesses and individuals, in order to serve in decision-making and control, presenting the information previously recorded, systematically and useful for different stakeholders. It also has a technique that produces structured and systematic quantitative and valuable information, expressed in monetary units on transactions made by economic entities and certain identifiable and quantifiable economic events that affect it, for the purpose of providing it to the various public stakeholders.

It has been said that pre-numerical counting systems pre-dated the written language. Business accounting is rooted in the organization of monetary claims throughout the history of the Western civilization, developing even before the ancient accountants could note the mathematical entries. Beginning in Mesopotamia around 3500 B.C, and developing throughout the 14th century in Europe, accounting has become one of the largest advancements in the Western world. This long standing form of collaborating financial data has evolutionalized the way we approach business in the 21st century. While today's accountants are involved in the analysis of financial data and the auditing of cash flow through a corporation, this hasn't always held true. The

Accounting is the art of measuring and communicating financial information. To maintain uniformity and consistency in preparing and maintaining books of accounts, certain rules or principles have been evolved. These rules or principles are classified as concepts and conventions. One of the important concept in accounting is “Measurement” (Mattessich, 1977)

Accounting is the language of business. It is a profession that is being guided by principles, concepts, conventions, laws, etc. All these fundamental building blocks serve as common and general compasses to all practitioners of the profession. In some cases, they are nation-wide tailored, while in other cases, they are universally tailored. Accounting as a living, practical, dynamic and realistic profession covers so many areas of social, economic (business), and governmental activities. Surely, any endeavour that involves monetary and material activities create a room for the services of Accounting. Many of the human endeavours for which the accounting profession plays significant (some times inevitable) roles include; Banking, Insurance, Manufacturing, Farming Contracting, Oil and Gas, Mining, Transportation (Air, Land and Sea), Educational Institutions, Churches, Ministries, ICT, Hire Purchase, Local Government Authorities, Estate Businesses, Export and Import Businesses, Bill of Exchange Transactions, Royalties Transactions, Consignment Transactions, Stock Market Transactions, Sports, Entertainment, Hospitals and Hospitality Industry, etc.

Accountancy analyses information for a variety of purposes within the business, while finance is to do with the financial funds directly within the management. This report will be defining and explaining the terms and the purpose of ‘accounting’ and ‘finance’. As well as this it aims to cover the main aspects of what should guide those who work in these areas.

The importance of numeration and the application of counting has been present since the beginning of human intelligence. The usage of numbers has undoubtedly evolved significantly as the needs of society have become more and more complex and specific. The intricate business world calls for extensive record keeping and the appropriate communication of financial information to it’s respective parties, which is why accounting came to be. Accounting is universally known as “the language of business”; in the modern business world accounting revolves around four main financial statements. These statements are known as: the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of retained earnings and the statement of cash flow. This however, is modern accounting, it has evolved significantly since it first commenced in ancient civilizations.

- In this paper the study examines the ‘Priori research’ role in accounting which covers history and present era. It has been declared in the year 1960 as a golden age. Over the period of time various critiques have criticized the piece of works cited. According to Nelson, there has been very slow progress from the year 1960 to now. He is also of the view that priori studies have values which may be considered doubtful. The other view given is by Dopuch and Revsine and they claim that work is full of deficiencies. They have also given preference to any other set of accounting procedures, which may depend on the particular priori model being adopted. Laterthe writer presents a different angle emphasizing on the fact that these criticism over the passage of time are not based on facts. It has been observed that they are misunderstandings developed related to the role of priori research in the overthrow of concepts. These works have been considered relevant and important steps. A light is thrown on scientific revolutions and how new set of ideas are developed with the passage of time. The major steps identified are five. They are the recognition of anomalies which leads to insecure period. The new ideas are developed and new school of thoughts is identified which leads to new ideas and principles. The process of change and how it takes place has been discussed. Accounting records are maintained by following few techniques. The conventional accounting practices and solutions

These presumed languages borrowed from other fields of knowledge which give the accounting body more credibility which in turn spreads beyond the meaning for which they are applied without considering implication of such arrangement. Such rationales, become clear when preparing financial statements that include expenses, revenues and profits or losses, are usually associated with notions of accountability, transparency, responsibility and efficiency (Potter, 1999). These rationales aid financial statement seen as tool for accountability and measure of firm’s performance, (Miller, 1994 ).these rationales are rooted in almost all organization which makes it almost impossible to question, in my opinion the fact that this rationales are unchallengeable makes accounting two powerful which is a big problem to society. Scholars have divided the rationale of accounting under two main points: accounting as a legitimizing device, and accounting as a linguistic device. Accounting as a legitimizing Device several theorists have looked at the legitimizing abilities of accounting. The writers describes accounting as a skill that can control development of modernized societies, using accounting as an essential means by which organizations react to environmental pressures to improve their legitimacy through impression management. Impression management comes to play when organizations norms and values are not in line with

As an aftereffect of monetary, mechanized, and technological advancements, diverse concentrated fields in accounting has developed, wherein accounting is the preeminent and complex dialect of business. According to the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), “Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof”. To make it more simpler, accounting is the act of recording, classifying, summarizing the monetary terms of the business in a substantial manner in order to achieve the output that aids in decisions making process, creation of policies and for the expansion of the entire organization.