Aspects of the Nervous System and Skeletal Neuromuscular System

Nerves from each segment of the spinal cord connect to specific regions of the body. The cervical region or neck are referred to as C1 through C8; they control signals to the neck, arms, and hands. The segments in thoracic or upper back region T1 through T12 relay signals to the torso and some parts of the arms. The segments in the upper lumbar or mid-back region just below the ribs, L1 through L5, control signals to the hips and legs. Last, the sacral segments S1 through S5 lie just below the lumbar segments in the mid-back and control signals to the groin, toes, and some parts of the legs. The effects of spinal cord injury at different segments reflect this organization.(SC-Basic Anatomy of Spine-http://www.goes.com/billr/html/_anatomy_of_a_spinal_cord.html)

These muscles are under control of will. These muscles are controlled by the central nervous system. i.e. Coraco brachialis muscle. This is found in the upper part of the arm and flexes the shoulder joint.

Kathy, a 20-year-old woman, awakens one morning to a tingling, numb sensation covering both of her feet. This has happened to her a number of times throughout the year. In the past, when experiencing this sensation, within a couple of days to a week the numbness would subside, and so she is not too concerned. About a week later, she

To begin with, the muscular system basically makes movement. Every step you take, every time you blink your eyes and eve when you swallow food, that is the muscular system doing its job. The muscular system also helps maintain homeostasis by maintaining body temperature which happens when you contract, which is the shortening of a muscle while pulling against the bones, you are releasing heat which is helping regulate your body temperature. Another job that the muscular system has is maintaining our body’s posture. These are some examples of involuntary things that your bones do, meaning that they do it without you personally consciously controlling them. Some examples of voluntary movement, which is when you're consciously controlling it,

The muscular system is an organ system composed of roughly 650 to 850 muscles. The muscular systems consist of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. The muscular system collectively works with other organ systems to permit movement, posture, conduction of heat and the circulation of blood throughout the human body.

Afferent muscle stretch reflexes are initiated from muscle spindles9. Other afferent receptors such as joint receptors and skin sensors can generate further input8. The sum of these inputs results in reflexive movement in the absence of efferent signals from higher cortical centers7. Afferent neural input from the muscle spindle stretch receptors connected to the muslces intrafusal fibers enters the spinal cord through the dorsal horn9. They are then capable of diverging in order to take different paths and elicit several coordinated responses to a single stimulus9. The patellar reflex is a monosynaptic stretch reflex because the afferent signals synapse directly onto a motor neuron in the spinal cord9. Tapping the tendon pushes on the tissue, which activates stretch receptors within the muscle9. These afferent neural inputs from the receptors send excitatory action potentials to motor neurons in the spinal cord which, elicit the contraction of the quadriceps, extending the lower leg outwards to compensate for the stretch stimulus experienced9. In contrast, in a polysynaptic pathway, the stretch stimuli send afferent signals to the spinal cord that synapse onto inhibitory interneurons, eliciting the inhibition the antagonist (the hamstrings)9. This reciprocal innervation of the agonist and antagonist allows for the appropriate levels of tension to be developed in both muscles to elicit a smooth coordinated

Muscular System The muscular system is made of subsystems that help to maintain balance in the body. The muscular system is made up of organs, tissues, and cells. It uses balance and has specific functions.

The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that help us maintain homeostasis or in a chemical balance within our bodies. When the body cannot maintain homeostasis there is usually some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our major body functions. An example of two diseases that could affect our homeostasis within our Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and Dystonia.

Movement is created by the muscular, skeletal systems and nervous system working together. The skeleton is the framework for the body in which muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and connective tissue are attached. The muscles use the bone as a lever to move parts of the body through messages sent to and from the brain through the spinal cord, without muscles the body would not be able to move and would remain stationary. Movement is created when the muscles contract they pull the bone and it moves for example by flexing the forearm the agonist muscle which is the biscep pulls the forearm up towards the shoulder, during the flexing of the forearm the antagonist muscle which is the tricep is resisting the movement of the forearm to the shoulder,

The muscular system moves the body. The body has more than 600 muscles and each of them has special fibers that contract. When a muscle contracts, it pulls the tissue that it is attached to. This pulling results in movement. Skeletal muscles are probably the most familiar type of muscle. They are the muscles that ache after strenuous work or exercise. Skeletal muscles make up about 40 percent of the body’s mass or weight. They stabilize joints, help maintain posture, and give the body its general shape. They also use a great deal of oxygen and nutrients from the blood supply.

-The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. This system is responsible for the sensory information and responding accordingly. The spinal cord sends signals between the brain and the rest of the body and controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes. This isn’t using input from the brain. The brain is responsible for most sensory information and coordinating body function, both consciously and unconsciously. Also one portion of the CNS we may forget at times is the retina. The retina is formed as an out pocketing of the diencephalon during development. This is known as the optic vesicle.

This experiment used a surface Electromyography (EMG) which is a non- invasive technique to confirm electrical signals produced by muscles and the nerve cells that control them. Furthermore, this experiment shows a visual confirmation of the neuromuscular relationship as well as showing the dependent relationship between body systems. If this experiment shows the difference in voltage produced by skeletal muscle contractions with that then a maximal grip versus a submaximal might show difference in force and relaxation.

1. Following a severe spinal cord injury in the lumbar region, the voluntary muscles of the legs and hips will be paralyzed. Describe the effects of paralysis on the skeleton.

James’ condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted (Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent on the release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated when there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James’ condition of cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to the insufficient release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James’ excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons of organs and muscle spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes through afferent nerves into the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the brain responsible for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be damaged (Albright, A.L., 1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

The spinal cord gets the message that the muscle is stretched, where there is a direct connection to a motor neuron that contracts the muscle. “Neurons pass messages to each other using a special signals in which they bring information to the brain from outside of your body, such as things you see, hear, and smell while other signals are instructions for your organs, glands and muscles. ( Arizona Board of Regents).” But there are also connections to other muscles, which inhibit the contraction so that you don't react too hard. Detection of the stimulus, the process in which a stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal, is thus a class of stimulus response. Kinetic energy takes place in reflexes as