Atomoxetine Research Paper

In this day and age, drugs are being prescribed without hesitation. In fact, many of these drugs are being prescribed for children with various disorders. One of these disorders is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). An estimated five to ten percent of children are diagnosed with this syndrome (Taylor 11). One of the methods to treat this disorder is to use stimulants, specifically Ritalin. This method is controversial because it has many side effects and its long-term effects are unknown. It can also lead to addiction. Approximately two to three percent of elementary school children are taking some kind of stimulant to treat ADHD (Taylor 64). Since so many children are taking this medication, new problems have arisen.

Appropriate goals should be set by these parties in order to guide the management of the disorder. The guidelines also state that doctors should either prescribe stimulant medication or behavior therapy in order to reach the outcomes desired by the parents. If the original treatment plan fails, the guidelines state that doctors should "evaluate the original diagnosis, the use of all appropriate treatments, whether the treatment plan was followed properly, and the presence of coexisting conditions". The doctor should also provide follow up consultation with the child, parents, and teachers in order to track the child's progress and identify negative side effects. In February 2002, following the release of the AAP's report, a second publication was introduced by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), to establish parameters for the use of stimulants in the treatment of ADD and ADHD. These parameters are applicable to all age groups, children, adolescents, and adults. Finally in November of 2002, the non-stimulant medication, Strattera, was released by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for public use.

This stimulant can treat many conditions but is commonly used for ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

There are two groups of stimulants: methylphenidate-based medications, which include Ritalin, Concerta, and Metadate, and dextroamphetamine-based medications, which include Adderall, Vyvanse, and Dexedrine (Boorady 2). The two most popular of these groups, Ritalin and Adderall, have these similar side effects: loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, nervousness, and prone to raising blood pressure (Ogbru 1). Both of these medications are also similar in short-acting and long-acting formulations, but, according to Susan York Morris, Ritalin is highly preferred over Adderall because it reaches its performance peak much more quickly, and prevents cells from reabsorbing norepinephrines, a precursor of adrenaline (Marcovitch 476), and dopamine, a precursor of norepinephrines that conveys inhibitory in the neurological system (Marcovitch 197), keeping them active in the brain.. (Morris 2). As a child, my parents began the process of testing different medications to treat my ADHD, and they began with Ritalin because it received the majority of positive results. Unfortunately, after random spurts of aggression, irritability, and unrest, they had to try a different medication. Next, they tested Adderall, but the same results occurred, but at greater rates than the

There are many Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medications in the pharmaceutical world. All ADHD medications have their differences and similarities. Two of the most popular and widely-used medications to treat ADHD are Adderall and Concerta. These two medications are very similar in producing the same effect on a person with ADHD; however, these medications are made very differently. These medications today are in high demand because the number of ADHD diagnoses is increasing in people today. As of 2011 11% of children ages 4-17 have been diagnosed with ADHD. Kids who are diagnosed with ADHD will most likely take Adderall, Concerta or any other ADHD medication for the rest of their life.,

They also claim that the full side effects of ADHD medication are still not known and could have harmful long- lasting side effects on the children taking the medications. The principle of beneficence must be applied by balancing the benefits the medication provides to those with ADHD along with the risks of possible side effects and that people, particularly children, that are not diagnosed with this disorder will be taking the medication. ADHD, or Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Ritalin is currently prescribed to approximately six million people in the US. Of those six million, 75% of these are children for ADHD (nimh.nih.gov). Ritalin is a drug that stimulates the central nervous system. It interacts with chemicals in the brain and nerves that give way to hyperactivity and impulse control. There is another drug that given just as Ritalin, and it is called Adderall. Adderall is almost the exact same as Ritalin except it actually enters the cell and helps it produce more

Mental health issues are a challenge faced by many people throughout society as statistics show one out of four people around the world experience mental health challenges. World Health Organization (WHO) states that depression and anxiety are the main conditions that affect people, regardless of their age or ethnicity. Therefore, it is important to know about psychotic disorders and the medication used to treat the symptoms.

These drugs are used to aid ADHD by triggering dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Methylphenidates and Amphetamines improve response inhibition, working memory, attention, and vigilance. Atomoxetines and Reboxetines also help with ADHD but with depression as well. Atomoxetines and Rehoxetines do differ from Methylphenidates and Amphetamines by only effecting the Frontoparietal attentional systems. Atomoxetines and Reboxetines improve the same cognitive functions as Methylphenidates and Amphetamines but do not improve vigilance the same way that Methylphenidates and Amphetamines do. Just as Methylphenidates and Amphetamines trigger the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors so do Atomoxetines, and Rehoxetines. The only difference is that Atomoxetines, and Rehoxetines do not trigger dopamine. (Husain, Mehta) Methylphenidates and Amphetamines are drugs that are primarily used to combat developmental

It is estimated that a total of 60% of children with ADHD are treated with prescription stimulants, which means, approximately three million children in our country take stimulant medication for problems with focusing. (Lakhan and Kirchgessner, 2012). Strattera, Kapvay, or Intuniv are among some of the non-stimulant medications prescribed for ADHD. Non-stimulant medications do not cause many of the side effects that stimulant mediations do. They also tend to last longer. Most of the studies that are conducted on ADHD medication is done in adults. There is not much to go on for children who take stimulant or non-stimulant medication. These medications can take a toll on a developing brain and there needs to be more studies conducted for parents to make an informed decision about medicating their child. Luckily, there are other options than medication for children with ADHD.

Many drugs have been developed to treat ADD and ADHD. One of these drugs is Methylphenidate otherwise known as Ritalin. It is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for treatment of ADD and ADHD. Use of Ritalin is up 700 percent since 1990 (ABC News). Other drugs also used in treatment of ADD and ADHD include Zoloft, Praxil, and Cylert. Ritalin is a drug that is used to restore neurotransmitters in those that lack or have malfunctioning nerve impulses in the

Since the 1950s, Ritalin has aided in the treatment of hundreds of thousands of patients affected by ADHD, and is less commonly used to treat narcolepsy, depression and obesity. Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant, and is effective by affecting chemicals in the brain and nerves that are contributed to ADHD symptoms. Specifically, it works as an enzyme toward the chemicals dopamine and noradrenaline in areas of the brain that play a part in controlling attention and behaviour. The original patent for this drug was held by CIBA but has been transferred to the Novartic Corporation. It became licensed in 1955 by the U.S. Food and and Drug Administration.

The most extensively studied childhood neurobehavioral disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a chronic condition that occurs in about 8% of children and youth (Harstad & Levy, 2014). Stimulant medications (i.e. methylphenidate and amphetamine) are very effective in decreasing the core symptoms of ADHD (Harstad & Levy, 2014). Due to the increasing rates of stimulant prescriptions, there is now controversy on whether overdiagnosis of ADHD in youth and consequent overprescribing of stimulant medications truly exist.

To add to that, the research that has been conducted on the disorder has led to a variety of effective treatments. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2014) the most widely used medication is a stimulant. There is a wide variety of stimulants available for ADHD subjects. Although, with these stimulants come side effects including sleep problems, decreased appetite, anxiety and other diverse uncommon side effects (NIMH, 2014). Stimulants tend to calm children with ADHD. However, these medications can be detrimental to the patient in many ways. Certain medications have been subject to abuse, including Adderall and Ritalin. These medications are in some cases abused by patients who are over diagnosed. Since these patients do not have the disorder they can feel the side effects and use the drug to achieve a certain kind of high. When using these drugs for non-medical purposes they can seem to replicate the effects of cocaine

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People with ADHD tend to exhibit lower levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. The former neurotransmitter affects parts of the brain related to decision-making and attention while the latter stimulates the brain’s reward and pleasure centers. Adderall increases the activity of both these neuortransmitters, allowing ADHD patients to work on tasks without feeling constantly distracted. Ritalin, a methylphenidate, also alters neurotransmitter levels mainly dopamine and is more commonly prescribed to children suffering from ADHD. For people who do not suffer from ADHD, Adderall and Ritalin may make them more focused and on task. However, because of their higher dopamine levels, off-label users are more likely to experience euphoria and restlessness (Moore, 2014). Aside from Adderall and Ritalin, drugs used to treat patients with narcolepsy and shift-work sleep disorder such as Provigil are increasingly being tapped for their abilities to improve wakefulness and alertness (Arrington, 2008).