Auditory Processing Disorder Research Paper

An auditory processing disorder, is when your ears and brain don’t cooperate together, the ways in which the brain interprets sound through speaking and or sounds.

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise to the electrophysiological auditory potentials (ASHA 2005).” Recent evidence has declared auditory processing disorders to be a legitimate clinical disorder resulting from confirmation of the link between well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and deficits on behavioral and electrophysiological central auditory measures (Musiek, F. Journal of American Academy of Audiology). An individual is likely to perform normally in tests including clicks and tones, rather than speech. There is a significant difference between the receptors for audition and speech processing. It is imperative that these disorders are diagnosed and treated early in a child’s development to eliminate developmental negative consequences.

How does sensory processing disorder affect learning? Sensory input plays an important role in learning. The effect of and impact of sensory processing difficulties are not fully understood or researched. Play helps children learn cooperation skills, appropriate social skills, conflict resolution, and about friendships. However, research has shown the correlation between sensory processing, play, and learning is unclear and inconsistent. (Watts, Stagnitti, & Brown, 2014). This is the second reason for the controversy surrounding sensory processing disorder. There is no clear cut or valid proof that sensory processing difficulties effect learning. Parents of children with sensory processing difficulties will disagree. There children struggle every day with things that typical developing children can perform without any difficulty or thought. Treatment for sensory processing disorder is limited and extremely expensive for parents. Treatment for sensory processing disorder involves a “sensory diet” which is an individual plan designed to help the individual function. (Delaney, 2008). Typical

Auditory processing disorder (APD) is a general diagnoses for disorders related to the brains inability to process auditory information correctly. Children with APD have normal development of their outer, middle, and inner ear. Thus, the hearing in the child is satisfactory. However the disability is in the brains lack of ability to understanding and decoding sounds, specifically sounds which compose speech.

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Many individuals with dyslexia struggle remembering what they have heard and if a person has the problem of the inability to retain verbal information Payne and Turner, (1999, p. 136), then it is very important to have a hearing test Wood, (2011, p. 69). Where the result of the test is normal then it is more likely to be a kind of dyslexia named Auditory Processing Deficit. A considerable number of experts in the field of dyslexia agree that auditory processing deficit has direct impact on dyslexia, for example, Chivers, (2006, p. 37) mentioned that a lot of children with dyslexia have auditory processing troubles where she based in her argument on Tomatis’s test for hearing ( a test where a device called Electronic Ear was used). Likewise,

Although, this disease affects most children, it can stay with this child through adulthood (Auditory Processing Disorder, 2012). This disorder is characterized by the way it attacks the central nervous system and lowers its ability to efficiently and effectively use auditory information (Paul, 2008). Living with APD can be very hard; especially for children because they lack the ability to stay on track with what their peers are saying, often causing ridicule. For someone fighting this disease there maybe a difficulty when it comes to understanding what is being said, ultimately affecting the person’s short-term memory. Some of the symptoms of APD include difficulty concentrating, difficulty understanding abstract information and trouble understanding jokes, riddles, or idioms (Auditory Processing Disorder, 2012). The symptoms may make it a little easier to uncover if your family member is suffering from this disease, but there are specialized test that can give definite answers. Understanding how the test works and what goes on during the test can help those with limited knowledge understand how their family member is affected by the disease. During the test the person under review is given a series of sounds, each having a small difference like location, timing, as well as order and pattern (Auditory Processing Disorder, 2012). They are asked to focus on sound and

As a small child, it was frustrating to not be able to make the adults in my life understand me. Many years later after development of the brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER), a doctor who it seemed was always on the cutting edge of his science and working with neurologists at the old Lovelace Medical Center, tested my hearing using the BAER . For me, the results of this test were life changing because for the first time in 28 years my not being able to understand much of the conversation around me and consequently, my ability to communicate had a name—a diagnosis—central auditory processing disorder—I heard at two different speeds and both were at a slower rate than that of the general population.

Central Auditory Processing Disorder is a broad term for several disorders in which the affects the way the brain processes

Each subject participated in three test sessions conducted in a quiet room at the family home.

A problem that occurs in the outer or middle ear that prevents sound from being conducted properly indicates that a person may have conductive hearing loss.

Sensory processing disorder originally called," sensory integration dysfunction". This is a condition in which the brain has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes in through senses. It turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses . Some examples are biting a sandwich, riding a bicycle, or reading a book. In order to be saffell completion of the activity you need to accurate processing of sensation. Sensory problems are now considered a symptom of Autism because the majority of children and adults of autism spectrum also a significant sensory

Psychoacoustics can be simply described as how our brain perceives sounds that are heard throughout our environment. Psychoacoustics can be described by channeling three sub-categories or dimensions: physical, physiological, and perceptual (Vassilakis, 2015). The physical aspects include: actual vibrations and sound waves projected into the environment that reaches the ear and further pathways in the brain. The physiological dimension refers to the actual shape and design features of the ear and the contributions that each part makes in creating and hearing a sound. Lastly, the perceptual dimension refers to what the brain is interpreting from a sound, aided through the physical and physiological dimensions of the overarching psychoacoustic category. Psychoacoustics originated from psychophysics—clearly demonstrating the relationship between what happens in our physical surroundings and what our brain perceives (Vassilakis, 2015).

As represented by Figure 1, sound waves are created by disturbances in the air. The sound waves then enter through the external ear, travel down the ear canal, and reach the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations pass through three connected bones in the middle ear (attached at one end to the eardrum and to the inner ear at the other), resulting in the fluid moving in the inner ear (cochlea). The fluid’s movement bends thousands of little fragile hair-like cells, which turns the sound into nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain. Once the impulses reach the brain, they are changed into what we know as sound (How Do We Hear?, 2015). Spoken language is heard differently than other sounds, measured in hertz (Hz). The range for spoken language is 500Hz-2,000Hz, while other sounds are above \s\ and /m/ below that range.

Hearing Sensitivity is the ability to detect acoustic energy and the most basic auditory function. Infants hearing sensitivity at birth is typically significantly worse than adult thresholds. To measure hearing sensitivity in adults, you perform a routine audiogram, but infants are not mature enough for this kind of testing, so we use Observer-Based Psychoacoustic Procedure or OPP. It was first used by Lynne Werner to study auditory behavior in young infants. For this test, the infant and their caregiver are in a room with a test assistant keeping child engaged. The adults have headphones on so they don’t hear the stimuli and give any hints to the child as are presented through the loud speakers. The