Autism Spectrum Disorders: Article Analysis

Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communication, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the current population (Shishido, Branko, & Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are Kanner and Asperger. Since then there has been a significant amount of research on the disorder and they have narrowed down the criteria associated with Autism. Since the discovery of Autism Spectrum Disorder, there has been many debates on what causes this condition. When it was, a recent discovery scientist thought it could have been caused by many factors including psychological conditions and poor parenting. Now research has shifted in another direction (Wolf, 2004). In recent years, there has been a debate if childhood vaccinations or genetic mutations cause the disorder. This debate has led many parents to stop vaccinating their children in case it does cause the disorder. In 2010 (de los Reyes) the immunization rates fell to 80%. These parents’ decisions greatly effects the nation’s public health so it has fueled even more research to find the cause. A very common vaccine that has been said to cause the disorder is the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine or the MMR vaccine. This

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides

This evidence meets the criteria for a filtered source. It was sourced online from the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics and Family Physicians. Specialists from multi medical disciplines assembled to create an integrative systematic study and review of the current evidence- based literature available for the treatment and management of Acute Otitis Media (AOM). The conclusions and findings were utilized to devise guidelines and a practice protocol that recommended early diagnosis and makes

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

Acute Otitis Media (AOM), inflammation or infection of the middle ear, is an illness most parents have had experience with. Countless hours of lost sleep and worry secondary to their child’s pain and distress can keep even the most seasoned parents awake at night. Before the age of 36 months, 83% of children will experience 1 or more ear infections and AOM is the most common reason for office visits of preschoolers in the United States (Zhou, Shefer, Kong & Nuorti, 2008). The graphic below serves as a review of evidence and explores the usefulness of the information in relation to the option of watchful waiting in the management of AOM.

Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacterias. Sore throats or acute pharyngitis is 90 percent of the time caused by a viruse. Bacterial sore throats are often a result of the group A streptococci bacteria. According to Burns et al., 2013, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and Arcanobacterium hemolyticum can cause acute pharyngitis. Pathogens that typically cause infections of the tonsils include B-hemolytic streptococci, group D streptococcus, and S. pneumonia (Burns, et al., 2013). The pathogens involved in acute cervical adenitis include B-hemolytic strep, staphylococcus, B. heneslae, viruses, and atypical

▸ Otitis Media is an infection of the middle ear and is most common in children because of the shape

Otitis externa is cellulites of the external auditory canal. The most common pathogens include, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bullous myringitis is inflammation of the tympanic membrane; common pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acute otitis media in an acute infection of the middle ear; most common pathogen includes S pneumoniae and H influenza (35-45%). The third most pathogen is M catarrhalis (15-18) and the fourth most common pathogen is Streptococcus pyogenes.

*Ear Infections - Fluid trapped in a child’s ears can cause them pain and lead to a fever. This causes great discomfort to the child and parents can feel helpless in not knowing what to do.

Autism is a fast growing disorder in the United States, the symptoms start occurring in between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. The cause of this epidemic has remained unknown, but several hypotheses have been studied. Throughout those couple of years, children get as many as 32 shots at least (“Child and Adolescent Schedule”). Parents all over the world have came to concern that vaccines can develop autism. Many studies have came about through this year with vaccines causing Autism in children that have been vaccinated.

When a patient presents with otitis media it is important to distinguish if the diagnosis is acute otitis media or otitis media with effusion (Woo & Wynne, 2012). According to Woo & Wynne (2012) acute otitis media also known as AOM can be recognized as a fluid that becomes present in the middle ear that is commonly associated with fever, otalgia, otorrhea, or an immobile tympanic membrane. Otitis media with effusion presents with the fluid in the middle ear but is absent of other symptoms of illness as described above. Due to the fact that otitis media only assumes a viral role about 35 percent of the time and it can clear up within 7 to 14 days without treatment, it is important to assess the patient’s true risks and benefits with antibiotic

In Leach, Wood, Gadil, Stubbs and Morris’ (2008) study, an investigation was made concerning the effectiveness of topical ciprofloxin (CIP) drops in comparison to ototopical framycetin-gramicidin-dexamethasone (FGD) drops in Aboriginal children with CSOM which was recently treated. The participants

Some studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of the involvement of a genetic predisposition to the high prevalence of otitis media among Indigenous populations (Klein, 1994). However, poverty and social disparities as major health risks should not be overlooked.

Figure 2. Acute otitis externa. Ear canal is red and edematous, and discharge is present.

I do agree with your primary diagnosis of acute otitis media(AOM) based on the signs and symptoms of fever, ear pain and conductive hearing loss. The diagnosis of the acute infectious process of acute otitis can be made if three components are present: rapid onset, middle-ear effusion, and signs and symptoms of middle-ear inflammation. This has helped make the distinction between AOM and otitis media with effusion, a noninfectious process that does not require antibiotic treatment. Pneumatic otoscopy can be performed to detect impaired tympanic membrane mobility. An acutely inflamed tympanic membrane with purulence bulging from behind it will have reduced mobility. The majority of AOM infections resolve without antibiotic treatment. Home