Otitis Externa

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

Acute Otitis Media (AOM), inflammation or infection of the middle ear, is an illness most parents have had experience with. Countless hours of lost sleep and worry secondary to their child’s pain and distress can keep even the most seasoned parents awake at night. Before the age of 36 months, 83% of children will experience 1 or more ear infections and AOM is the most common reason for office visits of preschoolers in the United States (Zhou, Shefer, Kong & Nuorti, 2008). The graphic below serves as a review of evidence and explores the usefulness of the information in relation to the option of watchful waiting in the management of AOM.

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacterias. Sore throats or acute pharyngitis is 90 percent of the time caused by a viruse. Bacterial sore throats are often a result of the group A streptococci bacteria. According to Burns et al., 2013, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and Arcanobacterium hemolyticum can cause acute pharyngitis. Pathogens that typically cause infections of the tonsils include B-hemolytic streptococci, group D streptococcus, and S. pneumonia (Burns, et al., 2013). The pathogens involved in acute cervical adenitis include B-hemolytic strep, staphylococcus, B. heneslae, viruses, and atypical

▸ Otitis Media is an infection of the middle ear and is most common in children because of the shape

The condition can be caused by bacterial organisms that infect the external auditory canal that can be introduced by unclean hands or fingers that enter this external auditory canal (Woo & Wynne, 2012). Otitis media can present in acute, chronic, or necrotizing forms (Hajioff & Mackeith, 2010). The treatment of otitis externa has goals developed around pain control, to help prevent reoccurrence, and to cause resolution of the infection present. Oral antibiotics are not usually prescribed for this condition unless the condition is persistent systematic spread of the infection has occurred and/or the patient’s temperature is elevated (Hajioff and Mackeith,

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) can be defined as, “The presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection” (Pediatrics, 2004). It can be said that OME is an invisible disorder, as there are no immediate signs or symptoms of an acute ear infection such as ear pain, fever, or displeasure (Williamson, 2007). However, OME can have very significant consequences in the life of a child. Early identification and monitoring of OME can combat against possible speech and language delays, as well as protecting against further structural damage to the middle ear. From a diagnostic standpoint, OME must be differentiated from Acute Otitis Media (AOM), as the appropriate treatment will depend on if a child is suffering

Acute Otitis media- Bacterial infection. This happens when bacteria are trapped in the middle ear. This commonly follows an upper respiratory illness (pg. 1262).

Acute Otitis Media often resulting from bacterial or viral infection of the fluid in middle ear. The most common bacterial pathogen that cause Acute otitis media is Streptococcus pneumoniae. But other bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella Catarrhalis are also causing acute otitis media. The most common virus that cause acute otitis media are: Rhino virus, Influenza virus, adeno virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. (CDC,2017).

A complete history and physical was performed and disclosed a past medical history of acute otitis media (AOM) diagnosis at 12 and 18 months of age; this patient was treated with antibiotics and her symptoms resolved (Fahey, 2011). It was determined that this patient attends a group daycare, and her older sibling has recently been diagnosed and is being treated for influenza type A (Fahey, 2011). Suggested differential diagnoses were identified and viruses were quickly ruled out because the patient’s symptoms had already passed the time frame (3 days) for viral syndromes (Fahey, 2011). The patient had already received an influenza vaccine for this season, however a rapid influenza and RSV test were completed and resulted negative (Fahey,

Some studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of the involvement of a genetic predisposition to the high prevalence of otitis media among Indigenous populations (Klein, 1994). However, poverty and social disparities as major health risks should not be overlooked.

My treatment plan for this patient would consist in selecting an antibiotic with adequate spectrum of coverage, performing regular

As there is history of pain and discomfort in throat,it suggest the possibility of pharyngitis(inflammation of throat) caused by bacterial(most common) or viral infection.

In case of clearly established bacterial infection to otorhinolaryngological evaluation or in the event of persistence of fever with painful symptomatology after the first 72 hours the antibiotic is necessary. Generally they use broad-spectrum antibiotics properly administered daily dose and duration. In the event of repeated infections, and in close suspicion of insufficient efficacy, sensitivity testing provides information useful sull'antibiotico to which the beat is sensitive or sull'antibiotico more effective for therapeutic treatment.