Bach And Wistar Experiments

Pinker’s metaphorical expression for music was “auditory cheesecake”, explaining that he considered this function “useless[as a biological adaptation]” (Pinker 1997, p.528). Perhaps avid listeners comfort feed their minds with acoustic cheesecake, but musical knowledge presents the impact of such sweetness goes far beyond just licking the spoon. Extracting Pinker’s perspective, this essay will discuss whether music is valuable in the survival of humans. Arguments will be derived from brain imaging findings to examine its biological predisposition, adaptionist view to seek out its evolutionary status and whether the environment is responsible for demoting music.

We all know that almost everyone enjoys music both in an individual sense and culturally as a whole, but why do we find music so much more pleasurable than other kinds of noise? Well, from a neurological standpoint, our enjoyment of music has a lot to do with how it is tailored to human’s ears and how it reflects quality evolution as taught us to pay attention to. First of all music,

In this study, the effect of music on cognitive performance, depending on personality type, was examined. In this case, whether listening to familiar or unfamiliar music will have an effect on the cognitive performance of extravert and introvert college students. Since the familiar music condition was based on popular music that would typically be constantly heard on the radio, will be easier to catch the participants attention due to preference and liking. Causing more difficulty for the participant to tune out the music and complete the task. However, for the unfamiliar music, since it has most likely never been heard of before, it will be easier to tune out the songs and ultimately perform better on the cognitive tasks at hand. It was hypothesized

Mozart’s music is believed to beneficial for expecting mothers and their unborn children and also for toddlers. However, there are many who believe that children emulate or copy the adults around them. The Mozart Effect implies an immediate and miraculous boost in brain power. It claims to have substantial benefits on the well-being of premature babies. “While neuroscientists have largely dismissed the "Mozart effect" myth that listening to music enhances mental skills, practicing and performing musical compositions does seem to elevate certain cognitive capabilities”. The article explains how we are able to benefit from music, and how it enhances our brain and reasoning. Music therapy does appear to help alleviate several brain maladies. Mozart’s music is beneficial not only for mothers and their unborn children but also for adults [Siegfried]. Experts believe the Mozart

Music and language share a commonality; the same way phrases are structured in music, can be seen when thoughts are structured in sentences of different languages. Music plays a role in memory, auditory attention, and different structures of language, such as the syntax and phonemes, which can improve on reading and writing skills. Bidelman et al. has shown that when it comes to music and language, speech pitch processing can differ between musicians and non-musicians, where there are evidence that music can show sensitivity to the pitch sound toward musicians. It can also depend on musicians who speak foreign languages, which will focus on the influence of domain-specific experience on the encoding of pitch. It can also depend on musical expertise. Rochette et al. has used musical lessons on deaf children to test if musical education plays a factor on them, since other studies have shown that music being able to use auditory perception, auditory cognition, and phonetic discrimination. The results showed that those who were trained acquired the skills more than those who weren’t and is an excellent strategy for increasing linguistic processing. On the emotional side, Ma and Thompson wanted to show that acoustic environments, such as sounds from human actions, animal calls, etc. can change human emotions. The hypothesis of music and speech being closely related brought the idea of the “musical protolanguage hypothesis,” that songlike communication was used in courtship and

In every culture known to human there are different forms of musical expression. Although nonhuman primates can’t produce music, they have very similar auditory structures, perception and behavioral responses. Humans say that music has an effect on social arousal and mood, similarly chimpanzees show an increase in social behavior and a decrease in agonism when music is played to them. Evidence shows that human and nonhuman primates have an ability to distinguish music properties such as the types of rhythmic or melodic organization. Although primates exhibit and ability to distinguish between rhythmic structures and show a preference for slower tempos, it is unknown if they have a preference for rhythmic patterns. Humans and Chimpanzees prefer consonant music over dissonant music.

Culture and experience establish some of one's tonal sensitivities also. Hence, somebody like Sacks may perceive the diatonic scale more “natural” and more orienting than the twenty-two-note scales of Hindu music. Yet, there does not appear to be any intrinsic neurological inclination for specific sorts of music, any more than there are for particular languages. The main imperative components of music are discrete tones and rhythmic organization.

The “Mozart effect” was a study that was conducted at the University of California in Irvine, California. The “Mozart effect” was developed by Dr. Gordon Shaw in the early 1990's. Dr. Shaw's theory was that if you listen to classical music the resultant would be a smarter you. (Fowers, 2000). The study was conducted by gathering students to volunteer to take part in an experiment. The volunteers were given headsets to listen to either white noise, relaxation music, or Mozart for ten minutes. (Jensen, pg. 25). Once the ten minutes had passed the volunteers were asked to perform a variety of spatial skills. The results were that the students who were listening to Mozart were more proficient on the spatial skills test than the other two groups. (Jensen, pg. 25).

In this lab, we tested the effect of different music genres on our subjects’ heart rates. We believed that faster, more intense music would energize the subjects, thus causing their heart rate to rise, whereas slow, calming music would relax our subjects, causing their heart rates to slow. The four genres of music we tested (our independent variable) were hard rock, fast classical, slow and quiet songs, and two songs they

Music is a stimulant that can induce changes in arousal levels, which can be measured through indicators such as tense arousal (i.e. tension). The genre and how frequently individuals are exposed to a music stimulus can determine how significant the change in arousal will be. Generally, energetic music increases phasic arousal, which is the respondent state of arousal due to a stimulus (Olst, Orlebeke & Fokkema, 1967), because of the exciting mood they create, their fast tempo, tone, and beat accenting. Contrastively, relaxing music decreases phasic arousal because of their slow-pace and quieter sound (Huron, 2002). However, it is hypothesised that, when listening to their preferred type of music, participants will experience a smaller change

This article tests several hypotheses. The first and second hypotheses states that simple task switching will yield a longer reaction time than repeated task completion and the group with the “popular” music will yield the highest reaction times whereas the classical music group and the no music group will yield similar reaction times. The third hypothesis also includes participants who multitask will complete fewer task compared to the participants who perform single task. The last hypothesis state that the popular music will complete the least amount of tasks in comparison to classical music and the control group, the group without music. This study included 60 college students from a college in the Midwest. The participants were randomly

perception and processing of music and language. In Tests with mediums it was shown that

When listening to music, some people experience a strong emotional reaction towards it with something that can be described as a tingling sensation running through the body (a.k.a.: “chills”). These “chills” are very distinct and clear, so they can be used in a scientific study involving music. In previous studies, researchers have found that there is activity in certain regions of the brain which relate to feelings caused by music that sounds jarring, or clashing tones of music. In the past, these regions of the brain have been found to relate to emotion. However, the regions of the brain related to musical dissonance were different when compared to the neocortical parts of the brain (which are known to be associated with how people recognize

The Mozart Effect is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals listen to the two piano sonata. The stated results are individuals that are able to remember information easier. There are two studies that were conducted in associated with the Mozart Effect. The first study was dedicated to spatial skill performance and its neural pathway relation to music. The other study was dedicated to challenging the first study due to the argument that any type of music that is appreciated can cause the same memory effect. The second study was based on an experiment with unborn mice that heard Mozart’s piano sonata K448. The other part of the study was related to the effects of Mozart’s piano sonata K448 on patients who were suffering from epilepsy. The overall conclusion is that Mozart’s piano sonata K448 has positive effects on both animals and humans.

Music elicits an emotional and cognitive response in all who listen to it. It is powerful at the individual level because “it can induce multiple responses – physiological, movement, mood, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral” (Francis, 2008,