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Introduction
As a qualified agronomist, employed by a wealthy vigneron, the aim of this extended research task is to support and advise the best practises and producers to establish a new 50 hectare vineyard in the prestigious Barossa Valley located 60 kilometres North-East of Adelaide(fig. 1). Also included in this study is the characteristic of the soils and climate of this area. The trellis support and irrigation of the crop with also be taken into account, along with the most suitable grape for the area and market for winemaking. The preparation towards the soil before the planting procedure begins and wether to use grafted vines or cuttings for vineyard is crucial for efficient production. Composing recommendations for
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The different two main soil types that exist in the Barossa valley are brown, loamy sandy clay loam and sandy light-brownish grey to dark grey brown soils both are generally regarded as low in fertility.
1.2 Climate - The Barossa Valley generally has a Mediterranean climate meaning that this climate is characterized as having hot, dry summer and mild winters and rainfall using recorded during the winter months. Although there has been a wide range of mesoclimates due to sloping hills and transverse valleys.
1.2.1 Rainfall – Rainfall in the Barossa area is usually occurred during the winter months from 45-70mm with low rainfall during the summer months with ranges of 10-20mm (Fig. 3).
1.2.2 Sunshine - During the summer months there is an average of 9.33 hours of sunlight with the top of ten hours in February. During the winter months there is only 5 hours of sunshine a day (Fig. 4)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sunshine hours 10 9 8 7 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9
Daylight hours 14.2 13.3 12.3 11.2 10.3 9.9 10.1 10.9 11.9 13.0 13.9 14.4
Fig.
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There are many factors that contribute in selecting the right trellis for the crop this is because growth habits, environmental factors, Vine Vigor and mechanization all have crucial aspects to how well the crop produces. Some of these different methods include non-divided canopy system such as; Umbrella Kniffin, high bilateral cordon and vertical shoot Position (VSP). There are also divided canopy systems that incorporate; Geneva Double Curtain, Lyre, Scott Henry and smart Dyson trellises. The best fitting trellis system for the Barossa valley for the climate is the high bilateral cordon trellis this is also one of the main trellises used for commercial grape growing. As Shown in (fig.5) the high bilateral cordon trellis is comprised by two wires strung together run along at 1 and halve meters above ground level with plants spaced 1 – 2 meters apart. This allows for great light and spray penetration, this method also yields higher quality yields. The high bilateral cordon trellis makes for easy pruning and picking and also requires little to no tying. It also provides some frost protection with the high
The winery industry can be categorized into red and white wine segments. The red wine segment, measured by tonnage of varietals crushed, has grown at a compounded annual rate of 4.7% for 10 years from 1989 to 1998, and a year over year growth rate of 8.2% from 1998 to 1999. Judging by the strong growth rate experienced in the red wine segment, it is reasonable to conclude that the red wine segment is in the growth phase of the life cycle model. In addition, production of red wine varietals which are relatively unknown such as syrah and sangiovese nearly doubled in a year from 1998 to 1999. The white wine segment, however, is at the mature phase of its life cycle as the segment shrunk slightly by 0.42% from 1998 to 1999. Overall, the industry is still at the growth stage lead by growth in the red wine segment.
Ecological dimensions of wine production primarily centre on the use of organic viticulture. Since the earlier days of production, industries have realized they had used a devastating amount of agrochemicals and fertilisers to grow their wines. Today, as environmental views have changed, many wine producers have initiated or promoted the notion of organic viticulture. This involves the use of organic materials and using
b) i): equal to about 1. The sun shines all year round, including the summer. Even though you may not be able to see the sun cause it’s hidden behind clouds it’s still shining.
The escarpment is an ideal area for grape growing, as well as other fruits, due to the microclimate created by the combination of the escarpment and Lake Ontario. Those growing areas that are near the lake experience weather that is slightly moderated by the presence of the lake waters. Those that are contained on the escarpment receive a moderated weather pattern due to the escarpments form. The warm air trapped by the escarpment helps to provide those vineyards with a longer growing season and protection from harsh winter freezing and spring or fall frost.
Helensvale is located on the northern end of the Gold Coast, approximately 65km south of Brisbane. It is a nice, tranquil suburb named after a local plantation owner, Ernest White’s sister, Helena. It was around 1870 when a plantation was formed in the area by Ernest White and Arthur Robinson. And in the 1980s, it welcomed its first residents with a shopping center and secondary state schools, sports centers, and parks, making Helensvale the first integrated suburb in the backcountry border of the Gold Coast.
The climate in this region consists of sweltering summers with temperatures near 100 degrees Fahrenheit and chilly winters with temperatures ranging to the low 40s. Abrupt and rapid weather swings are also common, temperatures can drop 50 degrees in a day. The Edwards Plateau does not have a wet or dry season, 1-2 months without rain can occur at any moment. It has a consistent humidity with it being usually at 70%, but lowers in the winter and
Pleasant Valley’s crime rate is well below the state average, which means you can feel safe and secure in your new home. When you make your move to Pleasant Valley, you can expect to experience a moderate amount of snowfall during the winter months. The summertime is generally sunny and warm with an average high temperature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the hottest months of the year.
During the "wet season", from November to March, there are heavy, frequent downpours (heavy rain). Some areas receive over six metres of rainfall every year maximum temperatures through the wet season range from 27 to 33 degrees Celsius, with humidity often going beyond
The climate of the region varies throughout, with the lowest regions experiencing subtropical climates and temperate temperatures at altitude’s above 1000m, causing the region to have mild temperatures
From June until November the temperature by the sea is around 72 degrees Fahrenheit. It usually has a Steady cold wind and rain drizzles most of the day along with dense fog cover. From December through May the temperature by the sea is around 77 degrees Fahrenheit. There is usually no wind but strong sun rays.
Boreal Plains has cold winters and some warm summers. The temperature usually ranges from about -20C to 2.5C. The precipitation usually starts from 300mm in northern Alberta and goes till 600mm and reaches about the southeastern Manitoba. The Temperature can grow over then days to 50C and ranges from 100 to 1200. Boreal Plains climate for the soil is usually a little bit humid and is sometimes cold.
The number of daylight hour’s changes during the year. The more daylight hours during the day, the more radiant energy the Earth's surface receives. The day with the most daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere is the first day of summer, which is on or about June 21. This day is the summer
The climate in this ecozone can be classified as continental with long cold winters and short warm summers. It is modified by maritime conditions along the coasts of Atlantic Canada. The mean annual temperature varies from -4°C in northern Saskatchewan to 5.5°C in the Avalon Peninsula. Mean summer temperatures range between 11°C to
Hot and dry deserts are hot and the day and get very cold at night
Can range from as hot as 130 degrees, to as cool as negative 30 degrees. Also, latitude determines what the temperature and seasons will be like.