Basic Models Of Word Retrieval

Peplau defined her inductive approach in both general and specific terms. The inductive approach for concept naming are described in several steps (a) observing behaviors for which no explanatory concepts are available, (b) seeking to repeat those observations in others under similar conditions, (c) noting regularities concerning the

Low levels of processing include operations like counting the letters in words and higher levels of processing might include forming semantic relationships such as understanding what the words’ meaning is. According to Craig and Lockhart who formulated this theory memory recall would improve as the information is processed in greater depth. However it has been hard to define exactly what depth is and it has been found that there are other factors that make people remember things. (Zachmeister, E.B., Nyberg 1982)

(3) Semantic dementia is characterised by a selective deficit of semantic memory, which is our memory store for factual information about the world around us – e.g., the knowledge that apples are fruit is a semantic memory. Individuals affected by this condition have difficulty understanding the meaning of written and spoken language, pictures and objects. In some cases of semantic dementia a mild form of the behavioural

Interpretation bias has been found in studies using homophone, homonym, and the word-stem completion task. For example, Pincus et al. (1994) found individuals with chronic pain made more pain-related

Salame and Baddeley (1986) attributed this disappearance of phonologically similarity to the assumption that the strategy of phonological coding is 'abandoned' as a list length is increased. In addition, Baddeley (2007), posits that this abandonment for longer lengths is due to overloading the phonological system. This is consistent with the study by Imbo and Vandierendonck (2007) where results also suggested a list length of more than five letters would overload the phonological system. Furthermore, research suggests when abandonment of phonological coding occurs, executive processes and other strategies such as semantic coding are used instead (Imbo & Vandierendonck, 2007; Larsen et al., 2000). In contrast, Spurgeon et al. (2014) questioned why phonological coding would be abandoned in very short or very long lists yet be used in middle length lists. By using varied length list, Spurgeon et al. (2014) suggested that phonological coding is not abandoned but used throughout however, PSE is sensitive to floor and ceiling effects thus only showed significance in middle length

For SP patients, strong selective attentional bias was displayed. SP patients took longer to name the ink color of speech related words compared to the control group. However, there was no difference in time for GAD related, neutral, and positive words between SP and control patients. SP patients showed the same pattern as GAD patients: they were slower in naming ink color for speech related words than GAD related, neutral, and positive words. Therefore, the schema congruency hypothesis or specificity was

The article “A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading” Van Orden researches the effects of stimulus word phonology. This study was design to find out whether when a homophonic word was placed in a category whether the participant could identify the “homophone foils.” The procedure was as follows: participants were seated in front of a Gerbrands B1128 Harvard Model T-3A tachistoscope

Using paired wordlists of nouns, Bower and Gordon demonstrated this in their 1970 experiment. In their study, they had undergraduate students learn paired wordlists by one of four methods – rehearsal of the two words; reading a sentence in which one of the words acted upon the other (i.e. “The boy hit the ball.”); creating a sentence which linked the two words (i.e. “Nancy threw her bag on the table.”) or creating a mental image of the two words together (i.e. imagining a basket of flowers) (Bower & Gordon, 1970). Results found that students who employed imagery did better on recalling the word pairs in comparison to other methods and those who utilized rehearsal had the lowest recall rate out of the four groups (Bower & Gordon, 1970).

This study is a conceptualized replication of the Howes and Solomon (1951) experiment investigating word accuracy and word frequency in short duration trials. It is hypothesized that words that appear more often in printed text (easier to access in the lexicon) will be more accurately identified rather than words that appear less commonly. A total of 83 participants in the study were presented with words taken from the Throndike-Lorge database. The words were presented for one second with a six second rest in the middle. This was done sixty times and the results suggest a moderate strong relationship between word accuracy and frequency. Though there are multiple factors that may have influenced these results.

Vlach, Haley. Fast Mapping in Word Learning: What Probabilities Tell Us. (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2016, from https://aclweb.org/anthology/W/W08/W08-2108.pdf

I like the way you think! I think by writing down your thoughts you can gather them and use specific words in a Boolean search; which will l help with the results of your search. Have you ever used the Boolean search? I have never and really liking it! I agree that the results with the most credible results is a huge factor when writing a research

Prior to the early 1970s the prominent idea of how memories were formed and retrieved revolved around the idea of processing memory into specific stores (Francis & Neath, 2014). These memory stores were identified as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. In contrast to this idea, two researchers named Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed an idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval (Goldstein, 2015). This idea is known as the levels of processing theory. According to this theory, memory depends on the depth of processing that a given item is received by an individual (Goldstein, 2015). Craik and Lockhart stressed four points in supporting their theory. First, they argued that memory was the result of a series of analyses, each level of the series forming a deeper level of processing than the preceding level (Francis & Neath, 2014). The shallow levels of processing were believed to hold less importance and are defined as giving little attention to meaning of an item. Examples of which include focusing on how a word sounds or memorizing a phone number by repeating it over and over again (Francis & Neath, 2014) (Goldstein, 2015). The deeper levels processing involve paying close attention to the meaning of an item and relating that meaning to something else, an example of which would be focusing on the meaning of a word rather than just how the word sounds (Francis & Neath, 2014) (Goldstein, 2015). The second point Craik and Lockhart

The word superiority effect (WSE) is the phenomenon that subjects are more likely to recognize a letter accurately in a word (WINGS) than in a psuedoword, strings of letters that follow known language rules and are pronounceable (WUNGS), a non-word, strings of letters that do not follow known language rules and are not pronounceable (WCHDS), or just in a mask (TXXXX) (Coch, 2010; Grainger, 2003; Jordan, 1996). This is observed through The Reicher-Wheeler Paradigm. In this test a subject is shown a string of letters and asked to identify the letter in a specific location using a forced choice task (Grainger, 2003; Hildebrandt, 1995; Jordan 1996). The effect has been observed in many empirical studies, and has been seen in adults across

Importantly, Hashimoto & Frome (2011) considered this trend and proposed this effect was more likely to be due to improved access to the semantic system rather than just generalization to the treatment process since two of the three features (group, properties) incorporated cues that were wholly unique to those categories. However, the study lacked a control set of untrained words or categories which would have helped confirm this. Still, another potentially important and related insight is that the categories which showed the largest drop at the maintenance probe also achieved criteria fastest and were therefore treated for the least time, whereas the initial category which was treated for the most sessions, retained the highest level. This suggests that perhaps a minimum set of sessions may be required to overcome a “threshold” to sustain results rather than just achieving a criterion (Hashimoto & Frome, 2011).

Today in the world of information technology everyone is using internet to share and access data. But the data is in the form of natural language. And as we all know that all natural languages have basic feature that it have ambiguity. It is something which can be understand in two or more ways, and that depends on what situation it occurs. There are different types of ambiguities present in natural languages like lexical ambiguity, structural or grammatical ambiguity, ambiguity of scope, pragmatic ambiguity etc. Among all these ambiguities, lexical ambiguity is generally present in natural languages. This ambiguity can be defined as the ambiguity which occurs because a word has various meaning. So, to use information technology in best way we need to eliminate ambiguity from the sentences with the help of tool called word sense disambiguation.