4.2 Breathe Powered Bi-Directional TM Technology.
Bi-Directional Breath Powered drug delivery technology exploits the normal breath process of the body to deposit the drug on nasal epithelium [128]. This Bi-Directional™ technology could be utilized to any type of dispersion technologies related to liquid and powder. When delivery of drug is required, a user exhaled into the mouthpiece of device, soft palate is elevated and the nasal cavity is isolated from the rest of respiratory system. The patient exhaled force emitted the medication from device into nostril while closure of the soft palate prevented the entry of drug to the lungs. Expended nasal passage delivered medication deep into the targeted area of the nasal cavity. When medicine is
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Traditional nasal devices deliver drug in or anterior to this valve. Optinose is a biopharmaceutical company, patented closed-palate Bi-Directional™ Breath Powered® DDSs. This technology used exhale device to target the drug to upper posterior part of the nasal cavity, beyond this valve [130]. Role of oxytocin has already been explored in the treatment of autism spectrum. Higher doses of oxytocin are required for IN spray delivery, led to adverse effects. Bidirectional technology is highly effective for IN delivery of powder form of oxytocin in small doses. In this regard, a randomized four-way crossover trial was conducted by Quintana et al. to study the dose dependent effect of oxytocin on social cognition using Breath Powered Optinose device (OPN). Oxytocin (OT) was delivered with an Optinose exhaler device to healthy volunteers and direct nose to brain transport activity of OT was studied. Although, similar plasma concentration was achieved with IV administered and OPN delivered OT but specific social-cognitive response was observed with OPN delivered OT, indicated OPN directly transported drug across nasal mucosa to brain utilizing neural connection. Moreover, a lower dose of OPN-OT was more efficacious than higher dose of OPN-OT in …show more content…
This Bi-Directional™ technology could be utilized to any type of dispersion technologies related to liquid and powder. When delivery of drug is required, a user exhaled into the mouthpiece of device, soft palate is elevated and the nasal cavity is isolated from the rest of respiratory system. The patient exhaled force emitted the medication from device into nostril while closure of the soft palate prevented the entry of drug to the lungs. Expended nasal passage delivered medication deep into the targeted area of the nasal cavity. When medicine is delivered to the targeted sites, air following “Bi-Directional™ flow path” flowed around to the opposite side of the nasal cavity and exit through the other side of the nose rather than into the throat or lungs, as depicted in fig 6 [129, 130]. Nasal valve is a narrow opening in the nasal cavity, created a barrier for delivery of drug to brain. Neural connection to brain is located posterior to this valve. Traditional nasal devices deliver drug in or anterior to this valve. Optinose is a biopharmaceutical company, patented closed-palate Bi-Directional™ Breath Powered® DDSs. This technology used exhale device to target the drug to upper posterior part of the nasal cavity, beyond this valve [130]. Role of oxytocin has already been explored in the treatment of autism spectrum. Higher doses
Weaknesses are that the product is kept behind the counter of some international drug stores, thus limiting the exposure. The Universal Product Codes on packaging aren’t universal. The different governments may have different ways of reviewing the product, and can take a few weeks to a month to gain approval. The opportunity is that CNS has a product that may not withstand the test of time. The CNS Company may need to look at extending their product line beyond the strips, vaporizers and fiber tablets. They have such a limited product line. The biggest threat according to breathe right strips is a company called gin miller. According to ginmiller.com, they have produced nasal dilatators that are reusable. The other threat is the income of developing countries. They may not have the disposable income to be able to buy the product.
tongue and oral mucosa and not get inhaled into the lungs. Advair Diskus is a dry powder
➢ Inhaled air enters the nasal cavity, where it is cleaned, warmed and humidified on its way through the pharynx.
Then there’s the “Afternoon” inhaler, which provides a steady buzz from a hybrid of the two.
After two to three minutes on Nasal Cannula of 2 Liters, Oxygern Saturation rises to 97 or 98%
In the two speeches “I Have a Dream,” by Martin Luther King JR. and “Ain’t I a Woman?” by Sojourner Truth, there is a vast amount of similarities and differences. There are several examples that illustrate the analyzation by repetition and emotional appeal. Overall, the two speeches explain to us about the hardships us humans had been through.
As a clinical facilitator, I provide learning opportunities to staff and nursing students at St Vincent’s Private Hospital Brisbane (SVPHB). Not long after I joined St Vincent’s, I encountered a patient who was receiving high flow oxygen (7 litres/min) via high flow nasal prongs without any humidification device running with it. The scene surprised me. Supplemental oxygen is
By entering the field of respiratory therapy, one is entering a growing field of opportunity. There are continually emergent job opportunities in this field whereas there is also a rise of growth in the technology and developments in the field such as medicines, techniques, and other aspects.
By reopening collapsed air spaces, perfluorocarbons can improve lung compliance by filling up and distending collapsed alveoli, opening them up for oxygenation, further increasing end-expiratory lung volumes and functional residual capacity. (3). Liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons have also been seen to reduce pulmonary inflammation and injury and is used to wash out debris from the alveolar and bronchioles to the trachea, where it can then be removed via suctioning. For premature infants, perfluorocarbon liquids can be used to maximize the recruitment of hypoplastic, or incompletely developed, lungs while minimizing the surface tension forces associated with the lack of surfactants. Due to the large surface area of the lungs, the lungs act as a heat exchanger. Addition of perfluorocarbon liquids can be used to either warm or cool the lungs in order to subsequently increase or decrease core body temperature respectively. Besides their use as a respiratory medium, perfluorocarbon liquids are also used as contrast agents for computerized tomography like virtual bronchoscopy, as sensitizing agents during radiotherapy, and as possible intravenous oxygen-carrying agents
“Toddlers are busy creatures who can do more in one unsupervised minute than some of us accomplish all day.”
Air can be breathed in through both the nose and the naval cavity, or the mouth, also known as the oral cavity. The air, regardless of the path taken, will always lead to the pharynx, a space located at the back of throat. It will progress through the larynx,
Epilepsy is one of these disorders which are becoming a major concern of child health. Currently anti epileptic drugs is the only major method of treatment adopted in our country. There is tremendous need to look for non-invasive treatment options for these disorders to improve the patient
It is important that clients who use inhalers are able to use them in a way that gives them their max benefits. Individuals must be able to coordinate actuation of their inhaler with their inspired breaths (Hickey, 2014). If this is a difficult task for them do to the need of coordination, spacers can be beneficial in that they don’t require timing and also decrease effects of the drug in the mouth (Chrystyn & Price, 2009). Spacers make it easier for the medication that is being inhaled to reach the lungs. This results in a decrease in the amount of medication being absorbed by the mouth and throat (How to Use Your Inhaler, 2017). It is also important to note that spacer can only be used with pressurized inhalers.
When using the wet snuff it would be held either between your lips or between your gums and cheek. The dried snuff is snorted up the nose and the chewing tobacco is chewed.
George Orwell wrote his book Animal Farm with the goal of showing his views and to express a story where characters in the book represent real and specific people and situations. Animal Farm ultimately signifies the Russian Revolution and the early years of the Soviet Union. The book uses Animalism to demonstrate communism and the Manor Farm is symbolic of Russia. Orwell displays a strong message in the novel about how power can time and again lead to corruption and oppression. People often thrive to have control and power and once they get it, they take advantage of it. There are other lessons shown throughout the book such as how a government rules its people and controls them, which is shown with the animals in the book. The purpose of the Russian Revolution was to have a land where all of the animals are equal and all treated fairly. As time goes on, the pigs become the leaders and it is clear that they put themselves first and in a better position under Napoleon, eventually this ends up creating a hierarchy. This hierarchy separates all of the animals and they are not equal anymore. This novel also shows how citizens can be manipulated and even brainwashed by a group or government by the use of propaganda. Using propaganda and fear, even a revolution with intentions of total equality can turn into an unfair state.